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Scriptnotes Transcript

Scriptnotes, Episode 656: Halogencore, Transcript

November 12, 2024 Scriptnotes Transcript

The original post for this episode can be found here.

John August: Hey, this is John. Heads up that today’s episode has just a little bit of swearing in it.

Hello and welcome. My name is John August. You’re listening to episode 656 of Scriptnotes, a podcast about screenwriting and things that are interesting to screenwriters.

Today on the show, how do you create a film genre? If you’re a filmmaker, perhaps your work inspires others to copy or remix those elements until the resulting movies feel like their own genre or subgenre. I’d argue that’s how we get slasher movies, for example. While there were definitely antecedents, we probably wouldn’t have the slasher subgenre without John Carpenter’s Halloween in 1978. That’s not the only way you can create a film genre. If you’re a journalist or movie critic, perhaps you notice a common thread connecting a bunch of existing films and give it a name, like a scientist discovering a new taxonomy.

That’s the case with a microgenre we’re going to discuss today. I’m happy to have its originator as our guest. Max Read is a journalist, screenwriter, editor, and the owner operator of ReadMax, a weekly newsletter guide to the future. His writing has appeared in various publications with the word New York in the title, including New York Magazine, New York Times, New York Times Magazine, all put together there. He’s also the former editor of some defunct websites, including Gawker and Select All. Welcome to the show, Max.

Max Read: Thanks for having me.

John: As we were discussing on email, you’ve actually been mentioned on the podcast before, correct?

Max: Yes. I have a lot of friends who subscribe and they never ever text me after my newsletter goes out. Then lo and behold, I was on John August’s podcast and all of a sudden I got a lot of texts about my newsletter.

John: What were we talking about? Was this about–

Max: There was a Harper’s piece about the future of labor in Hollywood, I guess, in particular screenwriter labor. It was a riff that I’d been thinking about for a while about YouTube, TikTok, online influencers, a lot of which is my beat as a journalist, thinking about those people as competitors to what we do and thinking about one of the problems that we face as unionized writers is the fact that there’s this huge non-union workforce who are doing remarkably similar jobs to us, similar jobs to actors and directors as well. I gave it a goofy headline that didn’t live up to the promise of the headline. It’s something that has been on my mind for a long time now as a journalist, as a person online, as a person who consumes a lot of crap online, but also as a member of WGA and somebody who is a little nervous about the future of Hollywood right now.

John: Talk to us about why you’re a member of WGA. Is it for feature and TV work or is it because through the Writers Guild East and how that has organized some labor under the journalism?

Max: I am a member through TV writing, though it’s funny you ask that question. I was at Gawker between 2010 and 2015. WGAE organized Gawker while I was there. Then the week I left, the week after I left, they were finally certified. I was never actually a member of WGAE at Gawker. A few years later, I sold a show with a friend of mine based on our time at Gawker as it happened. That was what jumped me into the WGAE.

John: I love that you say jumped into it. Like it is just a mafia thing.

Max: There really weren’t enough initiation rituals in the end.

John: Totally. We have on the show to talk about halogencore, which is this micro genre you brought up. That’s something we’ll get into in a second. While you’re here, I also would like to talk about journalism and the overlap with what we do in film and TV writing, because those are blurry boundaries now. Actually how one makes a living in journalism these days, because it feels like a transition is happening there that’s going to be familiar to anybody working in television, for example.

Because once upon a time, you were a staff writer on Cheers, and that was your entire job for all your year, was doing that. Now it’s about assembling a bunch of jobs over the course of a year. It’s about making your year, earning enough money to actually stay in this business. That feels very much like what so many writers working in other parts of the media are doing these days.

Max: Like you say, I’ve had a number of jobs over the 15 or so years that I’ve been a journalist. My career has both been very traditional and very unorthodox. I got my start working at Gawker as a blogger at a time when that was still a pretty new thing to be doing. Then I went and worked at New York Magazine for five years. That was a fantastic education on how a magazine is made. Some of my favorite things I’ve ever written and worked on came out in that time. Then I left New York to pursue screenwriting, and then also to start this newsletter that we’ve been talking about.

The newsletter is probably the newest of job that I’ve been doing. I’m essentially a columnist. I write two newsletters a week. I’m also the publisher. I have to keep track of subscribers and think about how I’m gaining subscribers and keep track of my numbers and think about all these things. For me personally, I like it a lot. I like the independence. In some ways, it’s motivating to be my own boss in all these ways. It’s not for everybody. I would hate to see a world where this is the only way that journalists are getting work.

Unfortunately, it has not been a good few years since the pandemic. In particular, jobs at newspapers and magazines have just been hemorrhaging. It feels like basically everybody these days works for either the Times or one of the big Condé Nast publications, which it’s good that I can be making money doing this newsletter but it doesn’t feel good. I don’t have a good sense of what the next 10 years look like either.

John: I definitely want to dig into that. We’ll take care of some news and follow up first, but then we’ll get to halogencore. Then we’ll get into what it’s like to make it living as an independent writer. And in our bonus segment for premium members, I’d like to talk with you about the acceleration of time and events that we’re going through right now, because it feels like the last eight weeks, something broke and everything is now just happening faster than it’s ever happened before.

I know you’re a person every year who does a recap of what happened over the course of the previous year. I fear for you because it just feels like so much has happened so quickly that as you’re bringing down the months, like January and February and March might look normal. Then just the length and volume of what’s happened in the last period just seems unfathomable. I’d love to get into this sense of the acceleration of time with you.

Max: In some ways, it’s very good. If your job is working off the news, the more material, the better. There was a time when August was just absolutely dead as a month to do it. Now it’s like, “Oh, there’s always something to write about every week.” I don’t have to spend all weekend worrying about what my column’s going to be like the next year. It’s also it’s exhausting. It is a really good way to bring yourself out.
For a long time, I’ve said to myself, I don’t want to be a weekly columnist, I need to work on longer projects or whatever. I also just think, personally there’s just something about my metabolism, my processing metabolism, that really helps to just when stuff is happening to be able to take it, put something on the page, work out how I feel about it in writing, think it through, and then be able to move on instead of– The writing actually helps the sense of being buried under all this stuff.

Look, if you’re reading a lot of things, you’re getting a lot of ideas. If you’re also doing fiction at the same time that you’re doing nonfiction, you’re just constantly getting stuff that might work or might not work for something you’re doing in the future. If you can’t sort that out well, then maybe that’s a bad thing. I think it can be nice to know that you’ve got this big, I don’t know what people have, a bookmarks folder, or just a document where they’re pasting links or whatever, it is that people are doing to just know next time you’re stuck, you’ve got something you can go scroll through to remember everything that happened in July that might be useful to you.

John: Let me make a note, because I do want to get back to how you organize all the stuff that comes in and how you think about that stuff. First off, though, we have a little bit of news here. Highland, which is the screenwriting and general purpose writing app that my company makes, has an amazing new version that’s out in beta now. I’ve been using this version of it for some 18 months or so. Now you can too. It’s really good. It’s for the Mac, it’s for iPad and iPhone. Drew, you’ve been using it?

Drew: Yes. I love it. It’s so clean, and it’s gorgeous, and it’s fast. I’m excited for people to try it.

John: Over the summer, Drew had to do some work in Final Draft because I was working on a project where he had to deliver some Final Draft files as well. That was brutal to transition to Final Draft after that.

Drew: It hurt to go back.

John: Anyway, if you would like to beta test this, we’ll put a link in the show notes for how you sign up for that. It’s not going to be a very long beta. It’s only a couple weeks before we get this out into the world, hopefully. We’d love to have some more people out there testing it. Max, what do you write in? The columns you’re doing, what has Read Max written in?

Max: This is a sin for most journalists, but I write directly into the CMS, the content management system that the blog publishes to. For a long time, you were never supposed to do that because there was no way to save things on the web. If it crashed, you would lose the whole post. I have to say, I write on Substack as the platform I write for, and they have created what, as far as I’m concerned, is the best CMS I’ve ever used in all my years working in these things. It auto-saves. I never feel uncomfortable. It’s a little like when you’re writing a screenplay, you like to have it formatted as it’s going to be in the end. It’s much easier to do that. I like being able to see how it’s going to look on the page as I’m writing it. When I do longer magazine features, I go in Google Docs, partly just because the sharing is the easiest way to do it, and commenting is really easy for editors. My editors always take it out of Google Docs and put it in Microsoft Word. I just have version of this everywhere, basically.

John: No, it’s brutal. We’re testing this one and see if there’s stuff in Highland that you like. Other follow-up here, Drew, back in episode 582, we were talking about this playwright who wanted to move into screenwriting, and we had someone write back with some extra advice for that.

Drew: Yeah, Laura wrote, “As a playwright turned TV writer and feature writer myself, I wanted to offer some advice to Bethany. It sounds to me like her impulse to put people in a room and let things explode comes from an exposure to a lot of single-set, single-room plays, like Who’s Afraid of Virginia Wolf, August Osage County, et cetera. I highly recommend she does some deep study on films that essentially do the same thing to see how she can begin to adapt from one medium into another. Shiva Baby and Good Luck to You, Leo Grande are great places to start. Leo Grande feels the most like a stage play, two characters, one location, except for the final scene, with time passing in between each scene. Shiva Baby is a great example of how to chuck a bunch of people into the same shared space and keep things propulsive because the protagonist is trapped in a house with her antagonists.”

John: I was also thinking about My Dinner with Andre is it another classic film where there’s a bunch of people in one space doing one thing. Those are all great examples. As I thought more about this initial question, see it feels like Bethany is struggling not so much with keeping people in one location, but understanding how to jump forward in time and that it’s really about the ability to cut forward in time and to eliminate those moments in between stuff that is the power of film, the ability to cut. It’s really understanding how cutting works and how things can move forward.

Some of these movies that Laura was mentioning here have examples of that where you’re in one location but you’re jumping forward in time. I think you just need to be more comfortable with the form of not having characters walk in and say their thing than exit, but rather the movie itself is telling its story through cutting and through time. She’s just going to have to experiment with that and just write some things that necessitate cutting.

Also had some follow-up on Hallmark movies. We talked a little bit about like Hallmark Christmas movies. Craig had wondered aloud how many Hallmark Christmas movies there were. Stephen Follows, who’s the guy who does all the data analysis of film and stuff, has done other projects with us before. Stephen Follows wrote this great blog post about just how many Hallmark Christmas movies there are and really detailed into the tropes and the expectations of a Hallmark Christmas movie.

Drew: In his blog post, Stephen Follows says he found a total of 307 Hallmark Christmas movies with production reaching an average of 30 a year over the past few years.

John: He included some great charts to talk through how much the production of these movies has grown over the years. 30 in a genre per year is crazy that there’s 30 of these being made each year. He listed the genres within them. Obviously romance is very high for these Christmas movies. Most of them come out in November and December, which also makes sense. If you’re curious about holiday movies on Hallmark, this is the definitive source, the definitive article, I think, for the data behind this. 180 degrees, I think, not as opposite as you can get from a Hallmark Christmas movie is this genre that Max Read has described in, I think originally on your Letterboxd, but then became a blog post. Can you tell us about what Halogencore is? Try to define this genre for us.

Max: If you don’t mind, I can just read a little bit.

John: Sure, go for it.

Max: I’ll just read a short thing that I wrote, partly just me trying to list out what I liked about these movies.

“Halogencore movies are stories of corporate intrigue and malfeasance told from the point of view of characters on the outside of the inside, low-level apparatchiks, functionaries, subordinates, and middle managers, navigating crisis from the periphery of real power. They usually take place over a short timeframe, day or a night or a weekend, and against a ticking clock. They are not stories of lasting change, stunning revelation, or dramatic reversals of fortune. They’re stories of beaten-down people acquiescing to or negotiating compromise with power. The victory of a happy ending in a Halogencore movie is not that power has been toppled, but that our compromised hero has managed to survive inside the machine without being crushed. As the name suggests, Halogencore movies feature lots of fluorescent lighting and nighttime city shots. The action is largely office-bound.”

John: At this moment, I’d love to actually play a clip from Margin Call. Margin Call is one of the ones you identify. Let’s take a listen to this moment from Margin Call, which I think actually does hit a lot of these beats. I think you’ll recognize it once we play it.

[plays a clip from the movie Margin Call]

John: Max, that to me feels like what you’re describing here. You have a bunch of folks who work for this investment firm. One of them has discovered something that is highly amiss, but they’re not classic outsiders coming into a space and having to learn about a space. They were already part of the system and they’re discovering a new flaw. They’re discovering a new way that the world is broken. Is that a fair description?

Max: Yes. And you’ll notice they don’t quite know what’s going on themselves yet. They’re ahead of you, the audience, but they themselves are still behind somebody else who’s not on screen. Their first action when they uncover whatever secret or whatever revelation they’ve just found is they have to call their bosses. It’s not like a, “Let’s go get this published.” It’s not like whatever. It’s like the subordinates have to find the guy, the middle manager has to call the middle manager above him. Margin Call is a movie that’s great with working through hierarchy and establishing and demonstrating hierarchies in that way. The music does a lot there. It’s a great music cue, but you can feel the tension mounting just through the dialogue in that scene without really ever learning. If you’ve never seen Margin Call, it’s about banks, but if you didn’t know that, you don’t need to know what they’re talking about or what’s happening to understand just through what they’re saying to each other how serious everything that’s happening is.

John: Yes. Let’s talk about some of the other films in the genre because if it was just Margin Call, it’s like, oh Margin Call is a one-off. It’s an example of this thing, but it’s not a genre until there’s many films that can be categorized with it. Talk to us about the other things you identify as being, oh, this feels like halogencore.

Max: To me, the big one is Michael Clayton. Michael Clayton, in some ways, this was me attempting to define movies that are like Michael Clayton because it’s just one of my favorite movies. Michael Clayton is similarly, again, it’s about a lawyer who’s on the outside of his own law firm. At one point, his brother says to him, all the lawyers think you’re a cop, all the cops think you’re a lawyer. He’s in this liminal identity space. He’s working against time to find his mentor. It’s all in offices. There’s the similar droney music making you feel anxious the whole time.

I actually didn’t write this out, the set of observations out till I’d seen The Assistant, which is a relatively recent movie where Julia Garner plays the assistant to an unseen and unnamed, but very clearly Harvey Weinstein-based movie producer. The movie is about the office environment under a tyrant like that, where everybody knows something bad has happened or is happening and nobody is able to talk about it or do anything about it. Again, it has the same sense of like, you the audience are a little bit behind the characters. They do this in a really enjoyable feeling. You don’t quite know what’s going on.

Part of the reason it works is that the characters themselves are also a little bit behind. They themselves don’t quite know the depth of wrongdoing or exactly what’s happening. They’re trying to figure it out themselves, but also to figure it out without getting in trouble. They’re not crusading. To me, that’s three that really hit the mark. There’s a bunch of others that have a similar, let’s call it a vibe. There’s earlier movies, movies that were made– Shattered Glass, it’s a great movie about the New Republic and Stephen Glass, who is famously identified as having fabricated a bunch of stories.
Syriana is a total favorite of mine, is a Stephen Gaghan movie about– It’s a little like Traffic. It’s all these interconnected stories about geopolitics, extremely depressing movie, just unbelievably politically bleak movie, but similarly has a lot of these– Jeffrey Wright plays a high-powered corporate lawyer who suddenly steps into the world of oil money and political assassination and realizes how much more insane everything has gotten than he understood.

Even a more recent movie, High Flying Bird, the Steven Soderbergh movie, which is a very different arena. It’s not banks. It’s not oil. It’s about an NBA agent who’s trying to break the owner’s cartel in the NBA. It’s a little more fun than these other ones, I suppose, but it has the same rhythms because a lot of people are on the phone all the time, they’re having these secret meetings. You’re constantly catching up to the action as it happens.

I could keep going on, there’s another movie that I want to really recommend, because I don’t think many people have seen it, called Azor, which is, to me, one of my favorite movies of the last few years. It’s a Swiss-Argentinian movie, Swiss director, set in Argentina about a Swiss banker who comes over to Argentina during the Dirty War, under the military junta, and is looking for his partner, who’s disappeared. He spends the whole movie in these shadowy meetings with these very scary Argentinian fascists and military apparatchiks, trying to uncover what’s happened amidst this world where kids are disappearing, students are disappearing all the time.

He’s recognizing and uncovering, and unlike what you might expect from a Hollywood movie, it’s not about, “I’m going to uncover this, bring everybody to justice.” It’s, “I’m going to uncover this and then cover it right back up because I didn’t really want to know in the first place and I just need to get my own thing and get out of here.” Those are some good ones. There’s a Letterboxd list, there’s my newsletter, people are welcome to come suggest ones to me, too, if they’ve got them.

John: Let’s talk about the common elements we’re seeing here, because there’s structural elements. We talked about how these tend to be stories that have a protagonist who’s already part of that world. I love that you say they’re on the outside of the inside. They’re already part of the system, but they don’t know quite how the whole system works, but they’re ahead of us as the audience is. But really, the vibe is what’s crucial. The vibe, you say anxiety, you say dread, paranoia, this pessimism, this sense of a crushing doom. In this setup, I was talking about slasher films, and in a weird way, there is an aspect of a slasher. It’s not about bringing down the system, it’s just about surviving.

It’s just being the person who actually emerges at the end, and there’s not a sense that you’re going to topple this regime, you’re just trying to get through it. I think back to the end of Michael Clayton, and we do see Michael Clayton, the George Clooney character, be able to get a victory over Tilda Swinton’s character, but then as he’s in his cab ride leaving, he recognizes he didn’t really do all that much. It’s not like the problem of the movie is fully solved, it’s just he got through this one situation, he got through this one moment.

Max: Yes. One really obvious antecedent to these is paranoia thrillers of the ‘70s. Three Days of the Condor is a really classic one that has– What’s the final line? Something like, “But are they going to print it?” He’s got all his documents, he’s taken into the Times. What’s one of the things that’s interesting to me about this is that, as we’ve been saying, there’s not a do-gooder figure. It’s really rare that there’s a crusading — It’s not Pelican brief. There’s not a Julia Roberts, Denzel Washington crusading to uncover something. It doesn’t have like a journalist at the center.

It’s guys who work at law firms or at banks or in big glass offices who are forced to compromise whatever small measure of integrity they have left. That’s the vibe of that, like you say, of that pessimism and bleakness is, to me, all about that sense that you can’t do anything. You can save yourself, maybe. That’s maybe the best thing you can do. Otherwise, the best thing you can do is get out of there.

John: The relationship between these movies and the paranoid thrillers, which tended to focus on investigators or on journalists is really interesting because in the journalism thrillers, it tends to be, we have our crusading journalists going in and looking for answers. The point of view is from the journalist. Look at Spotlight, which is a movie that feels like it’s close to this in some ways, except that they are an outsider looking into a system. In those, the POV tends to be, in my estimation, fairly well locked to the characters investigating. But as I think to Margin Call, or I think to Michael Clayton, the movie is willing to switch POVs and show us things that our central protagonist does not know yet.

We’re able to cut to Tilda Swinton’s POV and see how she’s freaking out in the restroom stall. In Margin Call, we’re able to cut to Kevin Spacey’s character trying to get his way out of the situation. We as an audience have information that at times even our protagonist doesn’t have. I think that leads to this overall greater sense of dread, the same way in a horror film, where sometimes we’re cutting to the killer’s point of view and we know where the killer is in relationship to our hero who’s trying to hide or succeed or get away from the killer.

Max: Margin Call does something I think is absolutely brilliant, which is it hides– It’s about the Lehman Brothers crash in ’08. You know what’s going on. It effectively hides the actual mechanics of the secret and the problem. You focus is almost entirely on internal personal dynamics at the bank and fear and frustration and paranoia until the bank’s CEO arrives with an unbelievably great cameo by Jeremy Irons, just being the most Jeremy Irons he possibly can be. And he’s the guy who’s like, “Can somebody please explain to me what the fuck is going on as though I were a dog or a small child?”

It both works really well because finally the audience is clued in, and they’re clued in a great, natural and organic way. We get the explanation from Kevin Spacey and Zachary Quinto about exactly what’s been happening. But it’s also thematically great because you finally see that, even the guy at the very center, even the inside of the inside, doesn’t really know what’s happening. Everybody is out on a limb. Everybody is piecing together information as it comes in. Everybody’s fearing for their own ass. Everybody is trying to get out. To me, that’s the best scene in the movie. It’s a boardroom scene. It just works really well. It just nails exactly what’s happening.

John: Let’s look at other movies that are doing similar things, but sometimes funnier or sometimes just in a different way. We talk about financial shenanigans, The Big Short, of course, is a great look at the collapse of this housing bubble and how everything goes awry. We have those moments where we need to explain to a character on screen, but also to the audience, what’s really happening here. I think the difference is that while some of our characters are complicit in what’s happening here, there’s not that same sense of dread to it. We know that a calamity is coming, but there’s not that sense of impending doom.

Another example would be Moneyball. Moneyball is very insider. You have characters who know things that the audience doesn’t know. They recognize how complicated the situation is. Yet the movie ultimately lets itself have more fun than it’s not just all dread the whole time. There are moments of real tension and suspense. That’s not the overall goal of the story.

Max: It’s funny because there’s a bunch of techniques. Moneyball, for example, looks– It’s got that Soderbergh digital camera washed out look and the post-rock soundtrack to give you a little bit of that feeling. But it subverts the expectations of that in a nice way, that it’s funny and it’s a little inspiring, even if it’s ambiguously inspiring. It’s not like the A’s won the World Series. I like a movie like that, that can magpie pick things that create certain expectations in the audience and then subvert them a little. Soderbergh is, to me, a huge influence on this general genre, probably because of his use of digital cinematography. Early traffic is probably an early version of this. He loves his really intricate screenplays that are hiding all kinds of things from all kinds of characters.

But probably his most halogencore movie is actually The Informant with Matt Damon, which is a great, very funny and probably underseen movie that takes all the halogencore ideas and tropes and then just plays it like a straight comedy. It’s a really interesting exercise in what you can do when you set up a set of expectations and then just tweak one of your knobs a little bit. You’re like, “What if we accept that this is actually quite funny and we make it and we just play that up a little bit?”

John: As we were listening to the clip from Margin Call, I was also thinking about Glengarry Glen Ross in the sense of the overlapping dialogue, the sense of characters never fully completing a thought, but they’re recognizing they’re building on top of each other. There’s a sense of power that’s created by ideas not being fully expressed, but recognition that this motion is happening. Or The Insider, which is another great story, identified as being a proto-halogencore, because it has a journalist at the center of it, it’s not quite the same situation as being trapped inside the space with these characters, but those are all aspects of that.

Going back to Soderbergh, I think you’re right to nail his digital cinematography, but it’s also it’s pulling a documentary aesthetic into a classic narrative space. He didn’t end up directing Moneyball, but Moneyball is often shot like a documentary. It’s shot and has that aspect that you feel like you’re wandering into conversations that were already happening. Even the scouts are talking around the table, it feels like, “Oh, this could have just been an actual real thing that they just set up some cameras and shot.” I think you get that in a lot of these movies where it feels like the camera happened to find these characters having this conversation, which is an aesthetic on that.

Max: Pretty true to most of these. The immediacy, I think, is really important because, to me the ticking clock is one of the most important things of movies like this, that there is a deadline that people are working against and that creates all the urgency and the camera wobbling and turning corners, that Wiseman documentary, it’s like very Frederick Wiseman, like just a guy with a camera wandering around the high-powered lawyer’s office for some reason. It heightens that sense. There’s no stately compositions or anything. It’s just like, we got a snippet of this conversation. It mimics the idea that you might overhear something at the office and realize that– The Assistant is particularly good at this, because so much of that is she hears things going on behind the closed door and your acid reflux starts to activate because you’re feeling just as stressed as she is.

John: We’re talking about feature films. Feature films obviously are a story with a beginning and an end in a short period of time, which feel like they’re crucial aspects to the structure of the halogencore movies. They’re not necessarily in real time, but they’re at a compressed period of time. Yet, I see some of these aesthetics also being done in series television. If you look at Succession, I think there’s an aspect of this dread happening in many individual episodes of Succession. I think Severance has aspects of this too, where there is this sense of crushing dread and characters who are the part of it, but they don’t see the whole picture. They’re touching a piece of the elephant, but they don’t know what the whole elephant is. Even though we’re talking about something that is a film or genre, aspects of that can absolutely apply to series television as well.

Max: We joked about proto-halogencore, about movies that are maybe a little too early to be considered the genre but are obviously like serious influences. A few that come to mind are actually ‘70s and ‘80s BBC television series, which are limited series. It’s in this ambiguous space between endlessly serial and the TV. The original BBC, Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy is very– John le Carre as a novelist and all the movies that have been based on his novels are also very important, I think to– Nobody’s better at cultivating that sense of rot on the inside than John le Carre.

Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, there’s a great series called Edge of Darkness from the ‘80s about a detective, it’s a nuclear paranoia, a detective looking for his daughter, that have a lot of these things. It’s like 1980s England in the minds of filmmakers of the time was one of the bleakest places imaginable. They nailed it, I suppose. Those are great examples of ways to, even if you don’t necessarily have a ticking clock to draw out these threads of bleakness, of paranoia, of despair, of just mopping up a mess that is never really going to be fully clean.

John: I want to close this up by talking about the actual practical takeaways from this, because it’s one thing to identify a genre, but it’s actually can be useful for people who want to make movies, because it’s hard to say, “I want to make a movie like Michael Clayton. I want to make a movie like this.” Once you identify it’s in this space, and so you don’t necessarily need to use the term halogencore, but once you can identify multiple examples of this thing, and what is the aesthetic, what is the choice that you’re going for, that’s really, really useful.

If you’re setting out to write a project that is in this space or you have written a project that is in this space, to be able to talk about how it fits into the overall landscape is really useful. I do hope, and I think it’s a plausible hope, that some folks are out there writing films that could fall into this genre. Just by having this conversation and by giving a word for it might make it a little bit easier for them to find the financing, find the champions for the project, because they see like, “Oh, I get what this is.” This is not a one-time unique thing.

Max: I’ve taken generals and tried to explain this concept to executives, and there’s a lot of executives who love these movies. They’re great movies. Who doesn’t love Michael Clayton? The more we can spread the gospel of halogencore, the easier it’ll be to sit down across from somebody and say, “I’m writing a halogencore movie.” I would like to watch more of these personally. I would like to get more made. So I hope that’s true.

John: Talk to me about halogencore as a title. I’ll confess that it took me a beat to figure out what it was that you were going for, because halogen, to me, I think of my dorm room that had the torch here, halogen light, that always, word was going to set the whole room on fire. There’s that light aesthetic. I see what you’re going for there.

Max: This is the problem with doing this as a one-off letterbox list before it became a running theme on my– If I had thought it was going to come back, I would have sat on it a little bit longer. I didn’t let my New York Magazine packaging instincts really take over.

I do think we talked about this documentary, the washed-out digital, like Michael Mann and Soderbergh, early digital cinema pioneers, the documentary aesthetic, that feels so important. Just trying to communicate that idea of the establishing shot of so many of these movies is a huge tower in the city at night, and one floor or one office is lit up. You’re in for a good ride if that’s the establishing shot for your movie. That was what I wanted to get at, was that halogencore. That’s what I’m looking for when I start my movie.

John: Great. Let’s transition to talking about the– Oh, what is the New York Magazine package for it? You have to have an image for it. Let’s talk a little bit more about journalism and what your history has been, writing for other people and writing for yourself now, because most of the folks who are listening to this podcast are probably writing for themselves. As a screenwriter, I’ve always been writing for myself, going from job to job to job. More classically, as a journalist, you were employed at a publication. You were there exclusively for a time. That’s not the reality now. Can you just quickly chart through how you got started and what the trajectory has been for you?

Max: I had a normal start. I was an intern at the Daily Beast back when Tina Brown ran it. I met a woman named Maureen O’Connor, a great journalist who had gone to Gawker. She was working nighttime. I wanted to leave Daily Beast. She said, “Come take my night shift.” So I spent a year doing 8:00 PM to 4:00 AM. That was the entrance. Once I had that job and could demonstrate that I could do it, I was able to advance in Gawker and then get this job at New York Magazine. I love both experiences, but in terms of working for people, Gawker was a much more independent place, and I think prepared me for my current, much more independent job in a lot of ways.

We had editors but not at every moment was every single thing cleared. Certainly, very few things, until the later stages, were deeply read through or crossed out. We were mostly writing 200, 300 words. A lot of the training there was activation energy to find things, come up with an angle, write them fast, whereas New York Mag, in general, especially on the print side, was a much more collaborative thoughtful place. It was still a little bit helter-skelter because we were putting out a magazine every two weeks, but you’d have a month, two months, three months of lead time. Oftentimes, you’d spend a lot of time reporting. You’re in meetings with your editor. You’re in meetings with the art department. I really loved that. I love that collaborative work.

A good TV room can be very similar where you just have a lot of people with a lot of great ideas, able to bounce off one another to really craft something that feels like it’s the best possible version of what it can be. Now my job is like, I don’t even have coworkers. I’m here at home. The closest thing I have to coworkers is a bunch of group chats that I just am constantly hitting every day that function as the slack room of my coworkers. It’s a challenge in some ways.

I have a three-year-old, and it’s been really useful to have a very flexible schedule when I have a toddler. That, to me, is the best thing about working by myself with no real obligations. It is hard. I find this when I’m trying to write spec scripts or whatever, that it can be really hard. Everybody who’s listened to the podcast knows how hard it can be to force yourself to work when there’s no stick and maybe no carrot either. You’re just like, “I got to go put some words on the page.”

But the structure of, I obligate to my subscriber, I am obligated to produce one post or two posts a week to my subscribers, is really useful to just keep my brain moving, keep the wheels greased, so to speak. But Journalism is so volatile right now. I hope the newsletter process can sustain itself and people will keep wanting to pay for years to come. I feel like I may have to jump back into the office world sometime soon, or who knows.

John: Talk to me about making your year, making your month, because you’re publishing through Substack. For that, you have a certain number of subscribers and the subscribers are paying you a certain amount per month. You can expect how much to get in, which is our premium members to Scriptnotes, they are paying us five bucks a month, and that is income that we can count on, which is great, it helps stabilize things. That’s not the only thing you do. You can also write pieces for existing magazines if you want to, you can do special things. What do you find is the balance there, and how much are you pursuing just writing for yourself versus outside work?

Max: I’m trying to do a couple feature, like magazine features a year. It depends a lot on the work itself. If I get a freelance offer that I am passionate about, that I know I can complete quite quickly, then I will usually say yes, just because why not? It’s not going to take a lot of my time. But I find that a long, full-length magazine feature really takes it out of me. Whether or not I was doing the newsletter, it requires a lot of work. Despite producing two newsletters a week, I am a pretty slow writer, and I don’t want to be tearing my hair out. It’s good, I think, to challenge yourself. It’s good for me to challenge myself and make sure that I have some end of year or end of quarter, or whatever it is, goal.
I’m going to finish this piece, I’m going to finish this script, I’m going to do this. But I don’t like the system changes every six months. It’s like some months it’s really nice to have, Monday is the day I work on this project, and then Tuesday I do the newsletter, and then Wednesday is the whatever. That just isn’t going to work. Especially because when you’re doing the newsletter, if something happens in the world that you have a quick response to, you have to listen to that, that’s the best, quickest, easiest way that you’re going to get a newsletter out that week. You might think Monday is my script day but then news drops that you’re like, “I have a 1,600 word idea about that I can just bang out right now,” and now Monday’s not your script day anymore, so I hope Tuesday can be your script day or Friday or whatever it is. It’s hard. If somebody out there has figured out a solution to this, please let me know. It’s a matter of picking projects that I don’t dread working on in the end of the day.

I shouldn’t say this. I hope my manager’s not listening. If I have a pilot spec that I’m working on, and it’s taking me a lot longer than it should, it might be because I don’t actually want to do this pilot spec. That I had this idea and it– maybe it’s just time to throw it in the can and say, let’s find something that I actually will want to work on after my kid goes to bed or that I’ll want to work on in the middle of the day or after lunch or whatever. It’s the hardest thing about being a writer, I think.

John: For the Scriptnotes book, I was just editing the chapter with Taffy Brodesser-Akner. Like you, is a writer who works both in journalism, doing celebrity profiles, but also writes her own stuff, or writes her own books, and now runs her own TV shows. She talks about sort of the challenge of figuring out like, how am I spending my time right now? What is the best use of my– thing to do right now? Unlike you, she’s a very fast writer, so she can do all these things at once, but it is that juggling act.

One thing you mentioned is that you have group chats with other writers and that that becomes, essentially, your Slack channel, your newsroom. It’s the people around you. But I do notice that there’s an ecosystem within these writers who are doing Substacks and doing other things that I feel like you’re also always in communication with each other. I think I probably first found you because Today in Tabs have linked out to an article that you had done.

There’s also like the Noahpinions and the Tyler Cowens. There is this web of independent people writing stuff that does feed on itself and sort of supports itself. Do you actively try to sustain that or is that just a thing that naturally comes up?

Max: That’s a good question. We used to call that the blogosphere when they were blogs.

John: Sure. Back in the day, yes.

Max: From a business perspective, it’s hugely important. Actually, if I’m just separating out the creative process part of it, I get new subscribers like you because these other people link to me, so I need that as a growth plan. From a stuff perspective, I presume that I could. It probably wouldn’t be great if my newsletter every week was just something I came up with completely off the top of my head.

This dialogue with other writers, the ability to hear what they’re saying and respond to it, I think not only gives me– means that I’m doing a little bit less work every week in terms of ideating, to use a horrible neologism, but also that I’m responding to things out there in the world that are actually happening. It brings in new readers, and I actually think readers enjoy it.

One of the weirdest and funniest things about my job as a newsletter writer is that, a lot of ways, what I do is I’m like a YouTuber for Gen-Xers and elder Millennials. It’s as much about me and the way I think about things and my personality and my preferences as it is about the specific topics under review or my arguments or whatever else. That makes me a little uncomfortable. I’m just at the very early end of a generation that is comfortable with being a social media influencer.
I think you have to make a little bit of peace with the fact that this is how people get to know you. This is how they follow you and why they follow you. When I have an article, I have 40,000 people on my list who will go read it because I say, “Here’s an article I read.” If I were to write a book or what– any other project that I want people to get to, I now have this audience.

Part of that is just they know me. They know how I think about things, they know what kinds of things I like. I don’t like to do super personal — I’m not really a personal writer, I like to give my son and my wife a little bit of privacy, but it’s the sense that I have a particular way of thinking about things and people like to read me think through things in that way that I think is the kind of thing. Just to connect it back to your first question, I think that’s true of a lot of these writers.

There’s these sort of personalities who are like, I don’t always agree what Tyler Cowen says, but I think he’s somebody who– he gives me a valuable perspective from that particular kind of person he is and the expertise he has or whatever, and I want to read him because it allows me to set my own, to think about how I feel about something. The more people there are in that kind of network or ecosystem the more fertile and fruitful it can be.

John: You’re making your living through the Substack and yet that’s not the only place you express your ideas. There’s this aspect of like we’re expected to do multiple things at once or sort of have multi-media presences at once. I was a blogger, so my johnaugust.com was a blog and for many years it was a blog. The whole reason we started the podcast was that a blog is just a monologue. It’s just me having a conversation with myself.
There were comments on the blog for a while and there was that sense that people were reading it and there was some feedback there. It wasn’t until there was a podcast that it could actually be a conversation and people could engage and dig in on a topic. The overlap between what we do on this podcast and what I do on the blog versus an influencer or a YouTuber is really interesting. It’s a generational shift.

I would say that one of the real advantages, though, to doing it as a print is it’s easy for me to go back and look through your old posts on Halogencore. I could see what you’ve written on Halogencore before and YouTube would be almost impossible for me to go back and assemble like what all that stuff was before. It’s just a real advantage to print. One of the reasons why we’ve had transcripts of the podcast since the very beginning is because it makes it simple for us to actually go back and find what was there and what the history was.

Have we talked about this topic before? What did we say then? How has our thinking changed? That’s just a huge advantage to writing stuff down versus a YouTube video or even tweets. I sometimes see and Tyler Cowen will often link out to things that I think are going to be blog posts were actually just a thread of like seven tweets. Well, is that an article? What is that? Do you ever struggle with the idea of like, is this something that should be a newsletter or should this be a tweet?

Max: Well, I quit Twitter. I quit Twitter in 20– like during–

John: Yes, I noticed you’re not on there.

Max: No.

John: You’re not really on threads either so you–

Max: No. One thing I can say for Substack is, once I had– once I recognized that I could make money from my tossed-off thoughts, as long as I expanded them to 600, 800, 1,200 words, I’ve– there’s no looking back. I was like really active on Twitter when I was at Gawker and New York Magazine. In a lot of ways, I owe a lot of my career to Twitter. I don’t think I would have been able to start this newsletter without the audience I’d already built up on Twitter.

At some point, it became clear that I just, like many people, did not really have a healthy relationship to it, spent too much time on it. I would find myself, before going to bed, looking at my phone and getting furious at somebody I didn’t even know. It’s like, what a waste of my energy and time. I quit and around the same time I started the Substack. I wasn’t really thinking of the Substack as a replacement for Twitter but now that I know that I can put out to an audience that really wants to receive it, my thoughts, and I will probably get money for doing so, it has helped nip in the bud–
In addition to the fact that the Musk takeover has scattered everything that was special about Twitter to the winds, and Threads and Bluesky haven’t quite hit the mass or the whatever it is that allows them to replace it. To answer your question, this is something that I think I learned really well at Gawker, is that if something occupies your mind for a certain amount of time, for five minutes or 10 minutes or 15 minutes, it actually probably is worth writing about.

Maybe you don’t have anything more to say about it in a sentence, but I bet you could squeeze a paragraph or two out of it. You can have multiple items in your newsletter. You could do blogs where you just do a short thing every time. We used to have this joke, Slack is a workplace chat app There was a rule- It wasn’t a Gawker rule, it was for Deadspin, the sports blog. -there’s a certain number of Slack messages, if 10 Slack messages about a single topic went by, somebody had to write about it for the site.

If it was interesting enough for 10 messages, then it needs to go on a site. Don’t hem and haw, don’t think about it. If you’re a writer, almost– you’re almost guaranteed to be overthinking this kind of thing all the time, just go for it.

John: The reason this episode is this is because I posted a link in Slack to Drew saying like, “Hey, this is a really interesting article,” and I realized, as I post, it’s like, “Oh, you should probably have him on to talk about Halogencore.” It does circle all back around. I want to wrap this up by talking about, you are also a person who wants to write film and television.

You have a manager, you have that as an aspiration as well. How do you think about balancing what you want to do there versus what your– what is your day job, at a day job you actually really like which is running the Substack, because there’s an opportunity cost to doing all the 600, 800,000 words on a topic because that’s time you’re not writing a script.

Max: Yeah. The newsletters only two years old. I haven’t been in a room while I’ve been doing it. So far, it’s been like a, “Well, that’ll be a good problem to have whenever I have it.” For me, the real balance is the having a family and a social life and all these other things. If I had no other obligations, I could easily be in a room all day or do punch-ups on a script or whatever, and then write the newsletter at night, but I want to spend time with my son and my wife, and I want to go out and have dinner and all these other things.

To be brutally honest, right now, the way TV writing in particular is looking in Hollywood, it feels like I should be concentrating my energy on the guaranteed income I make from the newsletter versus the sort of possibility that I might be one of the 10 TV writers getting work this year. Part of the thing I was saying before about passion, the passion stuff, is I hadn’t written fiction, until I started writing this show with my friend back in 2018, I hadn’t written fiction since high school, basically, and I’d forgotten how much I loved it. I’d forgotten how those muscles worked and how much I enjoyed being able to exercise that part of me. And so in some ways it’s like, I’m having ideas throughout the day- It’s similar to what we were just talking about, -I’m having ideas throughout the day, so why not?

Even if it’s a slim chance that this thing’s going to get made, or it’s going to get me in the right room or whatever it is, why not, therapeutically, just for the hobby sake, do that? But again, as we keep saying, the balance is impossible to figure out. There’ll be weeks where it’s like I won’t do anything on the newsletter, but I will get 40 or 50 pages out on a script that I’m interested in.

Then there are months where I’m like, it’s just a newsletter every week and maybe a magazine feature. I haven’t opened final draft, it’s just the moldering on my desktop somewhere.

John: Maybe not opening a final draft is the right choice, we need to get you writing in Highland instead.

Max: Maybe that’s the secret. Maybe that’s what I need.

John: That is the secret. That’s what’s going to change everything for you. Everyone was listening to the moment that his whole life changed.

All right, let’s get to our one cool things. I have two one cool things this week. First is an article by Sarah Schaefer about leaving Los Angeles. I guess it’s actually a blog post. Maybe it’s even a Substack post.

Sarah Schaefer has been on the show before. She is super smart. She’s a comedy writer, and she writes in this post about her decision to leave Los Angeles, basically. That Los Angeles was so expensive that she decided to move with her husband to Virginia and why she decided to do that. Also, the weird way that you have to talk about like, I’m not giving up on my writing career, it’s just I’m moving to Virginia, but that’s not a change from that.

The question of, what are you doing right now in a time when, especially in TV writing, it’s so tough, that maybe we should stop asking, “What are you working on,” and instead be asking, “Where are you? Like, “What’s happening in your life?” It is a Substack. I look at the URL, it is a Substack, so another Substacker to follow.

Second one cool thing was, I went to the show, Mike Birbiglia had the show in Los Angeles at Largo, invited me to. It was Mike Birbiglia and a bunch of other really incredible standup comedians.

The final act was this guy Billy Strings who I’d never heard of before. He’s a Bluegrass performer. I would never have guessed that I liked Bluegrass. This guy was just remarkably talented and just the fastest picking playing I’d ever seen. Really good song craft, so it’s a thing you probably don’t know that you would enjoy, but I’ll put a link in the show notes to this video so you can see a sense of what this is like. Let me play a little clip for you right now just to get a sense of what this sounds like so you’ll, hopefully, click through to the video.

[music]
I ain’t slept in seven days, haven’t ate in three
Methamphetamine has got a damn good hold of me
My tweaker friends have got me to the point of no return
I just took the lighter to the bulb and watched it burn
This life of sin (life of sin) has got me in (got me in)
Well it’s got me back in prison once again
I used my only phone call to contact my daddy
I got twenty long years for some dust in a baggie
[music]

John: If that’s at all intriguing, click through the video and take a listen to Billy Strings. Max, what have you got for us?

Max: I just read a book that I am trying to push on everybody. I’m a big sci-fi guy, and the book is called In Ascension. It’s by a guy named Martin McInnes. It was long-listed for the Man Booker Prize, but I haven’t seen it get a ton of attention or reviews. If you’re a sci-fi guy like me, it’s sort of a– it’s a little bit Jeff VanderMeer, it’s a little bit Ted Chiang. It’s even a little bit Carl Sagan, but it’s also its own thing.
It’s about a Dutch biologist who first investigates a mysterious crevice at the bottom of the ocean and then is sent into space to investigate a mysterious object on the outer edges of space. I don’t want to say too much more because I don’t want to give it away, but there’s also– it’s just a beautiful, beautifully written, beautifully structured, beautifully composed story. I can’t wait to read more by McInnes, and I highly recommend this one.

John: That sounds great. That is our show for this week. Scriptnotes is produced by Drew Marquardt and edited by Matthew Chilelli. Our outro this week is by Tim Brown. If you have an outro, you can send us a link to ask@johnaugust.com. That’s also the place where you can send questions. You will find the show notes for this episode and all episodes at johnaugust.com.
That’s where you’ll find the transcripts and sign up for our weekly newsletter called Interesting which has lots of links to things about writing. We have t-shirts and hoodies and drinkware. They’re all great. You’ll find them at Cotton Bureau. You can sign up to become a premium member at scriptnotes.net. You get all the back episodes and bonus segments like the one we’re about to record on the acceleration of time.

If you’d like to sign up for the Highland beta, there’s a link in the show notes for that. Click through to that, and you can take a look at the next version of Highland. Max Read, thank you for coming on the show to talk to us about Halogencore and journalism and other writing topics.

Max: Yes, thank you so much for having me.

John: If you would like to read more from Max, you should go to his Substack. It is maxread.substack.com. We’ll put a link in the show notes to it, too, but you will find him writing twice a week about all sorts of topics on the future.

[Bonus Segment]

John: All right, in our bonus segment, we are recording this on the Friday after the Democratic National Convention. Kamala Harris has just received the nomination of the Democrats to run for president. This caps off a month of her being the candidate, which is just crazy. It’s crazy how much has happened this summer, and it feels like things are only happening faster and faster. Max, as a person who has to– takes it upon yourself- You don’t have to do this. -but you’ve taken it upon yourself to recap the events of the year each year, man, it’s going to be a very long block for this summer. It’s just so much has happened.

Max: As a journalist, this is actually what you want. I can’t take my journalist hat off here. Just there’s more stuff to write about, more stuff to talk about, more grist for the content mill. It is going to take me a long time to sort through everything. At the end of the year, I do these– I call them the year in weird and stupid futures, and I try to round up everything that’s like a harbinger of our very weird and stupid present, let’s be honest, but also future. My bookmarks folder is already basically full. I’m going to have to be deleting stuff rather than searching it out at the end.

John: I want to talk about how you organize your stuff. You say a bookmarks folder. Is it literally just in Safari you have a folder of all the bookmarks for things? How are you organizing things?

Max: It’s like MTV Cribs, and you walk into my room, and it’s like such a mess it feels so embarrassing. Right now, I’m using a product called Aboard, which is made by a friend of mine named Paul Ford, who’s a great writer and programmer. Aboard is a bookmarking service that creates little cards with images and links, and you can put notes, and you can tag them, and you can sort them and whatever you want.

It’s a really useful way for me to just be saving snippets of things that I might use for future articles. I’m working on a piece about generated AI slop right now, and I’m tagging stuff that I find so that I can save it for later. I’m tagging weird futures things. I see a link to a musician I want to listen to or a book I want to read, I’ll throw it in there too. It’s just a bucket for everything.

I’m using a browser called Arc that I really like. It’s got a really great tab system where you can separate– you can save tabs, and you can separate them out and do sort of things. Some stuff is getting saved in the Arc tab system-

John: Yes, it’s dangerous.

Max: -and but some stuff’s getting saved in the board, and I’m going to lose a lot of stuff, I’m sure. It feels very clean because everything’s designed so well.

John: I’m using Pinboard for all these sort of things that come up. I see something, I make a pin, and it goes to Pinboard, which is like a very bare bones. It’s been around for 20 years. It holds together.

Max: Yes, well, so I was a longtime Pinboard user, and I switched to a board because I wanted to support Paul, and I just have been sort of stuck in it, but I love Pinboard too. It’s just very straightforward, easy, to the point. I think I still pay for mine because I’ve got eight years of Pinboard links to look back upon.

John: Absolutely. As you think about all of the links that are now being put into Pinboard or a board, it does just feel crazy. There are moments in time when it feels like, oh my gosh, I’m actually in a part of a story. I remember, obviously, the 2016 election, the moment like, oh shit, like I could feel that everything has changed around me. Start of the pandemic felt like that as well. This summer, Craig and I were recording this podcast when Trump got shot.

Trump got shot. It’s so weird that a presidential candidate was a attempted assassination, and his ear got bloodied, and could have died, like inches away, he could have died, and we barely remember that as actually even happening this summer. Just so much has happened so quickly. The other thing I would say is that I feel like the advent of ChatGPT and just the realization like, oh shit, like AI is like much better and faster than we ever had anticipated, accelerated the sense too that we are– that line between like here’s where we are now, and that’s the future, instead of like, oh, we’ve jumped into the future, and we really weren’t quite ready for it.

Max: Yeah. I think about this sometimes just as a journalist. We live in a relatively fragmented media environment. It’s not like there are three networks that we all sit down in front of every night to help us sort of memorialize things that happened. Which means that if it was, obviously, if it was 50 years ago, we probably would still be hearing about the Trump assassination attempt because that– we would have our agendas set by three networks and five major metropolitan papers.

Now, novelty is such a premium in this kind of environment where you’re getting your news from whoever and whenever and wherever. For the worst, usually, not for the better. Novelty is such a premium that the collective boredom of the internet sets in so much earlier on everything. It’s like hard to grapple with, kind of. One of the funniest things we noticed at Gawker when I was there is that we could do incredible traffic with a rubric we called remember when, and we would just we would just lift tabloid stories from maybe 10 years earlier.

Some of this is sort of urban legend stuff, like remember when Tim Allen was busted for doing cocaine. I mean, that’s not an urban legend, but it is a story that everybody knows, but not everybody knows it online. There’s this funny thing where not only is everything happening and being forgotten all at once, everything is also being remembered all at once right now, too.
The remember when thing is now you go on TikTok and there’s TikToks constantly of Zoomers describing the first World Trade Center bombing or other things, other ‘90s news stories that were part of my childhood that I remember relatively well, but the Zoomers have never heard of and are now sort of breathlessly telling each other about. A total flattening of time in this very funny way.

John: Yes. Obviously, there’s going to be peaks and valleys and things will probably normalize to some degree, things will slow down a little bit, probably, and yet we’re racing up to an election. September, normally is– like you said in the setup here, August is usually a very slow month. No one deliberately does anything in August because people are gone and there’s sort of nothing happens in August. People are on vacation.

Now, suddenly, things are happening. It’s not just in the US. UK calls for snap elections and suddenly they have a new person in charge of the UK. Macron calls for elections in France and suddenly, like three weeks later, they’re voting, and they have new people in power. I think as it became clear that, after Biden’s disastrous debate, everyone’s like, well, we can’t actually do something that’s dramatic and swap out the candidate because it takes years to do that stuff and there’s the whole expectations.

I would point to Europe and say like, yes, but like Europe just does it. We can suddenly just do it. The result of this DNC process was just a reminder like, oh yes, we can actually do things quickly when we need to. So many of our systems are there because of just inertia and because we’ve always done it that way, but it doesn’t mean we couldn’t do it much faster if we needed to do it much faster.

Max: This is the sort of acceleration of time, like increases itself, right?

John: Yes.

Max: When that you can accelerate it, you’re like, well, let’s just keep on doing that, maybe.

John: Yes, let’s go faster and faster and break things and see, sort of see what happens there. It sets a weird expectation. If nothing happens in a week, it’s going to feel like, wait, no big thing happened? Jennifer Lopez and Ben Affleck filed for divorce this past week, and I would have totally missed it except that it showed up on one little thing, but like it was the perfect time to announce that you are separating because like, who can pay attention to that?

Max: I know. Really, if you’re a crisis PR person, and your first advice isn’t, “Don’t do anything,” then you’re not good at your job. Whenever a bad thing happens just ignore it and see if it goes away, because it probably will.

John: Yes, it probably will. Yeah, that is the cycle these days. Max, thank you so much for coming on and talking to us about time and the acceleration of time and Halogencore. An absolute delight getting to know you.

Max: Yeah. Thank you so much for having me, John.

John: Cool. Thanks.

Links:

  • Beta test the new Highland – sign up here!
  • Max Read’s newsletter READ MAX
  • Shiva Baby and Good Luck to You, Leo Grande
  • How many Hallmark Christmas movies are there?! by Stephen Follows
  • The Read Max ‘Halogencore’ Guide
  • Max Read’s Halogencore list on Letterboxd
  • Where Are You Now? by Sara Schaefer
  • Billy Strings – Dust in a Baggie
  • In Ascension by Martin MacInnes
  • Get a Scriptnotes T-shirt!
  • Check out the Inneresting Newsletter
  • Gift a Scriptnotes Subscription or treat yourself to a premium subscription!
  • Craig Mazin on Threads and Instagram
  • John August on Threads, Instagram, Twitter and Mastodon
  • Outro by Tim Brown (send us yours!)
  • Scriptnotes is produced by Drew Marquardt and edited by Matthew Chilelli.

Email us at ask@johnaugust.com

You can download the episode here.

Scriptnotes, Episode 655: Conflict and Stakes Compendium, Transcript

October 21, 2024 Scriptnotes Transcript

The original post for this episode can be found here.

John August: Hello and welcome. My name is John August, and you’re listening to Episode 655 of Scriptnotes. It’s a podcast about screenwriting and things that are interesting to screenwriters.

Today on the show, it is a compendium episode, where we go back through the archives and find great topics and smush them together in one episode. Drew, tell us what you found this week.

Drew Marquardt: This compendium actually came about because I needed it this week.

John: You personally needed this.

Drew: I personally needed it.

John: You selfishly orchestrated-

Drew: Yes. This is just for me. It doesn’t apply to anyone else. But hopefully someone can get something out of it. I’m in the middle of revisions right now. Most of the notes I had were that the stakes were muddy, which I think is code for “I’m bored with this.”

John: They weren’t quite sure why they should continue to pay attention to your script.

Drew: Yeah. “Why am I turning the page?” I was trying to fix it at a structure level. I was hitting a brick wall. Not to make your head big, but I was like, “What did John and Craig say about this?” I went back, and in five minutes, you guys gave me the tools and shifted my perspective and cracked it open. It made me really excited, and I figured why not put it together.

John: Fantastic. Great. I’m glad this helped you out. Hopefully this will help out our listeners as well. Before we get into this compendium, we have one bit of news/housekeeping to handle.

In the 12 years we’ve been doing this podcast, I have learned that our listeners are brilliant and multitalented. When I’m looking for someone to do a thing, I know that I should start first with the people who listen to this podcast. This is one of those cases.

There is a little video game that I would like to make. Technically, genre-wise, it’s a deck-building rogue-like game in the vein of Slay the Spire or Balatro. If you recognize those titles and love them, great. If you don’t know those titles, seek them out. They’re very, very smart and very, very fun.

On paper, the game that we have been mapping out around the office seems really fun. We know the gameplay, the mechanics. But while our team is really good at making productivity apps like Highland or Weekend Read for the Mac and for iPhone, we are not video game developers. This is not our wheelhouse. But someone listening to this podcast probably is. That’s why I’m hoping we can find someone to come in and help us do this project. If you are this person or if you know this person, great. This may not be what you do for a living. We thrive in that space of really talented amateurs coming on board, so you may be the person we want. I have a longer job description written up, which Drew-

Drew: I’ll put a link in the show notes to that. You can apply through there.

John: Absolutely. You’ll see exactly what we’re looking for and how to send in information about who you are and what you’ve done before this. I have a hunch we’re gonna find somebody great. That’s it for the housekeeping. Drew, tell us about the show we’re listening to today.

Drew: It’s only two episodes that we’re pulling from. First is Episode 179, which is The Conflict Episode.

John: Legendarily, people got very nervous in this episode, because it sounded like Craig and I were not doing well.

Drew: We took that part out, but yes. Lots of really great stuff in there. Then we go to Episode 402, which is How Do You Like Your Stakes. That’s stakes from the fate of the world and all humanity, to personal stakes to characters, why it matters to them, down to the stakes of a given scene.

John: Great. Drew, you and I will be back at the end of all this with our One Cool Things and some boilerplate. But for our Premium members, what are they gonna hear in their Bonus Segment?

Drew: For our Bonus Segment for Premium members, stick around. You and Craig talk a lot about this conversation you’re going to have about the conflict in Whiplash, so we’ve saved that as a special segment for our Premium members.

John: Fantastic. I remember loving Whiplash. I actually remember doing that little segment on that, because I felt like the conflict between your hero and the antagonist was so detailed and precise and useful, applicable to a lot of other things.

Drew: And varied too.

John: Yeah. Great. We will start with The Conflict Episode and then get into stakes, and we’ll be back here at the end.

[Episode 179 Clip]

John: Let’s get into this topic of conflict, because you, in our pre-notes, listed seven forms of conflict, which I thought were really, really smart. Do you want to start talking us through them?

Craig: Sure. Yeah. Actually, only six. So we’re already in conflict. Somebody brought this up on Twitter. We hear conflict all the time. Studio executives love to ask for more conflict, but they’re maybe sometimes not sure why. And sometimes I think people who aren’t writers miss the presence of conflict because they’re only looking for a certain kind.

But I think there are six kinds. This is what I came up with. There may be more. The first kind is the simplest: an argument. This is a physical fight or verbal argument. And we all know that conflict when we see it. That is not, however, the most common conflict. Nor is it often the most effective or impactful conflict in drama.

John: The little skit we were trying to do at the start of the episode, that’s an example of this kind of argument. Even if it’s like passive-aggressive, the way I would naturally be in my conflict, you can tell that it’s happening there. It’s really clear. It’s in the moment. There is a disagreement, and people are expressing their contrary opinions in that moment.

Craig: Yeah. They’re fighting. We have one word for both punching each other in the face and yelling at each other. They’re fighting.

The second kind of conflict is struggle against circumstance. This could be as simple as I’ve locked my keys in the car, or I’m freezing and I need to get warm. Man versus nature. Man versus object. Man getting laid off by corporation.

John: Absolutely. In the scene version of it, what you talk about, like a man getting locked out of his car, locked out of his house, that’s a scene. But then, of course, we can scale this up to the entire movie. You have Castaway. You have these big things about a man against a nature. It scales both directions.

Craig: Correct. And you’ll see that in most movies, even if there is one dominating kind of conflict, like struggle against circumstance in Castaway, they will find ways to then work in these other interesting sorts of conflicts, even to the point where you can see a conflict coming between Tom Hanks and a volleyball. It’s very smart.
John: Yes.

Craig: The third kind of conflict is an internal conflict. And I’ll call that unfulfilled desire. Essentially, I want something that I do not have. How can I get it?

John: The scene version of this is the girl across the bar that he’s trying to get to, and he cannot achieve that thing. But the inner conflict is usually driving more a movie level kind of issue. There is a goal in life that somebody has. Hopefully, it’s articulated clearly to us, the thing he or she wants. And that is a thing he cannot achieve.

Craig: And that conflict will drive all sorts of stuff. Rocky is about wanting something, unfulfilled desire. Rudy. A lot of sports movies are about this unfulfilled desire, believing that there is more in you. We’ll see certainly a ton of this in Whiplash. Whiplash really is about two kinds of conflicts: argument and unfulfilled desire.

John: The last thing I want to say about this kind of unfulfilled desire is going back to the Chuck Palahniuk conversation from last week. If that unfulfilled desire is an internal motivation, it’s the writer’s job to find a way to externalize it. To find ways to have our characters take action that lets us understand what’s going on inside their head. It’s the writer’s job to find the words that the characters can say to articulate what is actually happening inside, and to create situations that are little blocks along the way that lets them get closer to or further away from that goal.

Craig: A hundred percent. The worst thing you can do when you have an internal conflict is to have somebody explain it as if the audience is their therapist. Incredibly boring. But I always loved that scene in King of Comedy where you see Rupert Pupkin in his basement, and he’s set up a fake audience, and he is performing as the host of his talk show. What an amazing way to get across this unfulfilled desire. And then in the middle of it he’s yelling at his mother because she’s calling down to him about eating dinner. But you get it. You get the depth of his need and his want. And he’s already at conflict with the world.
John: I’m a hundred percent in agreement with you that we need to avoid that sort of sitting on the therapist’s couch and expressing your inner thoughts and desires. It’s almost always death.

Where that can be really helpful though is, again, that writing that happens off the page. And it may be very useful for writers who – if you’re struggling to get inside a character, write that scene that’s never gonna be in your movie. But write that thing where they are actually articulating their inner desire, because that way at least you have something that you can hold onto to know what it is that the character is going for. Someone who is writing a musical, those are the moments that are gonna become the songs.

Craig: The songs, right.

John: Characters sing their inner wants in ways that is incredibly useful in musicals. They don’t tend to express them the same ways in movies.

Craig: That’s right. And partly because we understand when a character is singing – particularly when they’re singing solo, they’re alone on stage – that we are hearing their inner thoughts. They’re not talking out loud to nobody. That would make them schizophrenic. We’re hearing what’s in their mind.

What’s interesting about conflict is that we often don’t understand the nature of our own inner conflict. Early on in a movie, what a character says they want may not really be what they ultimately want. They don’t yet have the bravery or insight to express what they truly want. At the end, they may sing a different song about or they may say a different thing about what they truly want. And that makes sense, because that’s when the conflict is resolved.

John: Yes. And the best of those songs, while the character is singing their inner thoughts, there’s a transformation and a change happening over the course of it. There is a realization that is happening while they’re singing their song. And expressing it to themselves, they actually have an insight and an understanding.

A good recent example is Emily Blunt’s song at the very end of Into the Woods. She has the song Moments in the Woods, where she actually has all these brilliant insights about what it is that she wants and wanted to have the prince and have the baker and have it all. Or at least have the memory of what it was like to have it all. And that’s a great thing that musicals can do that’s actually very hard to do in a straight movie.

Craig: Absolutely true. Yeah, it’s fun to watch somebody start to sing about one thing and then watch it turn into an “I want” song. Or start to sing an “I want” song and it starts to turn into an “I already have” song. It is fascinating. That’s what you get from that internal rhythm that you don’t get really from movies.

That’s our third type of conflict. Here’s the fourth kind: avoiding a negative outcome. That is, I need to figure out how to do something, but I have to do it in a way that doesn’t get me hurt. So a very simple kind of example of this conflict is I have to break up with this person. I just don’t want to hurt his feelings. That’s conflict.

John: Yeah. It is, absolutely. And this is the kind of conflict that you often see in comedies overall. If you think of any situation comedy, it’s generally one character is trying to do something without the other characters around them knowing that they’re trying to do that. And so it’s classically the I ended up on a date with two girls at once and I’m running between the two things.

You’re trying to avoid something embarrassing happening to yourself, and you’re making the situation worse by trying to just – if you just ripped off the Band-Aid, everything would be okay. But instead, you are dragging it out, and you are causing pain by trying to avoid it.

Craig: That’s right. Sitcoms are always very instructive because they are the most basic of these things. That’s where you get the line, “I should have been honest with you from the start, but I was just afraid that you would be so upset.” There’s a classic ’70s sitcom thing where someone leaves their pet with a neighbor, and then the pet gets out immediately. That’s classic avoiding a negative outcome.

John: Yes. Your next one was confusion.

Craig: Confusion. Right. This is an interesting kind of conflict that happens when – it’s different than struggle against circumstance. This is a lack of information. Essentially, you are at conflict with the world around you, because you don’t understand anything. Where am I? What’s going on? It doesn’t last long. But you can see that in a movie like The Matrix, for instance, where the conflict that we’re experiencing between Mr. Anderson and the world is one of confusion.

John: Definitely. And also, you can see it in movies like The Bourne Identity where he literally has no idea who he is. You can see it in movies where people are dropped into foreign lands and they have just no sense of understanding the rules of the world around them. The fish out of water movies are often cases where there’s just fundamental confusion, and you don’t know which side is up.

Craig: And you will see this in comedies also quite a bit. Private Benjamin, she’s confused. She’s clearly having arguments, and she’s clearly struggling against circumstance, but there is also just that terrible feeling of confusion and being lost in the world around you.

And then lastly, dilemma. Very simple kind of conflict we all know. You have to make a choice. The problem is all the choices are bad. And that’s a great conflict. Everybody likes that one.

John: Sophie’s Choice, of course, notoriously. But really, any situation between this guy or that guy; or Stanford or this; or do I break up with this person so I can have the opportunity for this person? These are fundamental dilemmas, and they feel familiar because we all experience them in real life.

The challenge is a dilemma is hard to sustain over the course of a movie. Dilemma can be like a crisis point, but if you keep your character floating in that in between for two hours, that’s probably going to be a frustrating movie.

Craig: Yeah. We like it when Hamlet waffles for awhile. We don’t want just nothing but waffling. You’re absolutely right. Some of these are better suited to moments. Confusion, for instance, cannot last the whole movie. If it does, everyone will be also in conflict and be angry. And there are filmmakers out there who seem to delight in placing the audience in positions of confusion. Perhaps confusion masquerading as art? But ultimately, the movies that I like the most are the movies that are both brilliant and not permanently confusing.

John: Agreed.

Craig: But yeah, dilemma and confusion are best used in small doses, for my taste at least.

John: For our next section, let’s talk about how conflict works within a scene, because as we read through scripts, a lot of times I will find a scene that says – there is interesting dialogue here. It’s either funny or that smart words are being said. And yet the scene is fundamentally not working. And when the scene is fundamentally not working, one of the most obvious problems I can point to is there is no conflict.

And sometimes you’ll read a scene where literally all the characters in the scene agree on what’s going on. There’s no threat to anything. It’s just a bunch of people talking. And when that happens, that’s probably not going to be the most successful scene. Let’s talk about some ways you can sustain conflict within a scene. I had a bunch of bullet points here, and we’ll see which ones work and which ones stick.

First I want to say is you have to understand what each character wants. Yes, you want to know what they want in the movie overall, but literally what is their purpose for being in that scene? What does the individual character hope to get out of this moment? And if you can’t articulate that, then maybe you need to stop and do some more thinking, or you may need to look at are these the right characters for the scene; is this the right scene for these characters?

Craig: No question. We all know that hackneyed phrase, “what’s my motivation?” And that’s a specifically tuned thing for actors. But for writers, what we have to constantly be asking about our characters is what do they want, because I’m telling a camera to be on them. And everybody in the audience understands inherently that the camera doesn’t need to be on them. The camera could be anywhere at any point. I’ve chosen it to be here. Why? And it has to be, because those people either want something or are about to become in conflict.

One of the fun things about characters that don’t want something is when they’re sitting there and they’re perfectly happy and then you destroy their moment. You have the movie crash into it. And now they want something.

John: Absolutely. They want that tranquility back and they cannot get it.

Craig: Right. The opening of Sexy Beast is a perfect example of this. Ray Winstone is just floating in his pool, happy as can be, and then crash, here comes a boulder. You want that. But sometimes you want to start with the scene where it opens up where somebody really, really wants something. And if you can’t have somebody want something at some point in your scene, that’s not a scene.

John: Yeah, that’s not a scene. The next thing I’ll point to is if you’ve ever taken improv class, one of the first things you learn, probably your first day, is “yes and.” You’re supposed to accept what’s been given to you and build on it and hand it back. And that next person, your scene partner, says, “Yes and,” and keeps going with it.

The real scenes are more likely going to be the opposite of that. They’re going to be “but.” The characters are going to challenge each other. And so hopefully in challenging each other, the information that you want to get out will come out much more naturally.

Sometimes you’ll read scenes that are just exposition factories where, basically, we’re going to talk though all the details of this case or whatever. And sometimes in procedurals you just have to swallow your pride, and that’s just the way it’s going to have to work. But more likely you’re going to be able to get that information out or get that sense of how we’re going to get to the next scene through conflict and through confrontation. Someone says something, and another character challenges, “But blah, blah, blah, blah.” “Yes, however, blah, blah, blah, blah.” The ability to sort of push back against the other characters in the scene is much more likely to get you to a good place than just agreeing all the time.

Craig: Absolutely. And you can use some of these conflict cue cards here if you’re struggling. If you have a Harry the Explainer, if you need an info dump – and sometimes you do – have the person listening be confused. Have them be struggling against circumstance. Someone is talking and they’re trying to escape while the person is talking. There’s always ways to avoid just the people talking.

John: That’s a great example. And I like that you go back to these initial six points about what is conflict, because in that explainer scene, you could actually be explaining the dilemma. Basically, the person, the explainer, could lay out the two – these are the two options and they’re both terrible. That is a way to create conflict through the action of the scene. And that’s going to probably be awesome. So look for that.

Next thing I’ll point to is the struggle for the steering wheel and that usually one character is driving the scene, but sometimes they can be wrestling over who is in control of the scene, this conversation, this moment, where they’re going to go to next. And that struggle for the steering wheel is real. That happens in real life. And it can happen in your scene.
Obviously, if you’re writing a movie with a central character, that central character should be driving most of the scenes, but that doesn’t mean that you can’t have other strong characters come in there and express their desire for control of that moment.

Craig: Yeah. And you’ll see this primarily in two-handers. It’s funny, I never really thought of it with that phrase “struggle for the steering wheel,” but that’s pretty much what’s going on in Identity Thief for the whole movie.

John: That’s literally a steering wheel.

Craig: I don’t think there’s ever a technical struggle for the steering wheel, but the two of them are just in complete – it’s really a battle for control. And that’s what’s going on the whole time.

John: Sort of a corollary to the knowing what each character wants, but making sure that it’s clear to the characters and to the audience, the if/then of the scene. So if this circumstance happens, then the outcome is going to be this.

Sometimes I’ve come into a scene where I don’t really know what’s at stake. I don’t know what the goal of the scene is. I don’t know what the goal of this conversation is. And so making it clear to the audience and clear to the characters in the scene what it is they’re trying to do and then what the outcome is that they’re hoping for.

Every time that you are in a conversation in real life, you have a sense of like, these are the kinds of things that could be happening next. And you need to have the same sense for your own characters. And hopefully, the characters in a scene don’t all have the same sense of where they’re going to go to. Otherwise, they could just skip forward all those steps and be at that place.

Craig: This very thing, this make clear the if/then, is why a lot of first-time writers screw up. For whatever reason, I feel like they’re primarily worried about trying to write naturalistic dialogue. Everybody is in a panic about writing dialogue that sounds normal. But all of our normal dialogue throughout the day is not if/then. It’s just this. We’re just going to talk about lunch. And they don’t understand that movies are about those days or weeks in someone’s life that define their life. It’s the craziest days or weeks in a human being’s life. So everything is far more important. This is all staked up.

And so when you are in a situation where there are high stakes, then every moment should have an if/then. Every moment. Because you are constantly moving toward your goal and away from pain; or mistakenly towards pain and away from your goal. There is no relaxy stuff. People draw all the wrong lessons.

John: Very much related to that is to really be mindful of where you’re coming into a scene and where you’re exiting a scene, because in real life, conflicts will rise up, and then they will diminish. If you wait long enough, every conflict is going to taper off and everything is going to get back to normal. But your job as the writer is to figure out, how do I get out of that scene before all the conflict has resolved. How do I think about coming into a scene where the conflict is already there?

By figuring out where you can first turn on the camera in that scene and where you can exit the scene, that’s going to get you to the heart of your conflict. The part of the scene you really want is generally that hot spot, that flare right in the very middle of it.

Craig: Yeah, exactly. If you’re going to let a conflict peter out, it better be for comedy sake, because it’s a lie, it’s a misdirect. Otherwise, absolutely; nobody wants to watch people make up over and over and over throughout the course of a movie. We need conflict. We must have it.

John: Next point. If your characters are not in conflict, then the external conflict better be really apparent and right in their face. If your characters are getting along fine, then the thing they’re facing should be right there. Literally, the lion should be right in front of them.

If there’s a lion in the distance, or there’s a roar you hear in the distance, your characters in our present scene should still be bickering or fighting with each other. It’s only when that thing is right in front of you, then you can drop the conflict right between those two characters that we’re looking at.

Craig: Yeah. And you might say, why? If there are two people and a lion is far away, why are they arguing about who is going to have to take care of the lion? Why can’t they just work it out like friends? And the answer is because they’re bad people. I hate to put it that way. But characters in movies should be bad people. I don’t mean bad like evil; I mean bad like they’re not finished.

John: Yeah. They shouldn’t be perfect.

Craig: Right. They’re not idealized. They are messes who are struggling with something that will be overcome by the end of the movie. But because it is by definition not the end of the movie at this point, they have these flaws. And the tragic flaw of any of these characters is going to manifest itself through conflict that should otherwise probably be avoided.

Look, let’s go back to The Matrix, because it’s such a basic fairy tale. The whole point of The Matrix is you’re the one you have to believe. When you start believing you’re the one, you’ll be the one. His tragic flaw is that he doesn’t believe. His tragic flaw is that he is incapable of faith in self. If he doesn’t have that tragic flaw, they come to him, and the guy says, “You’re the one,” and he goes, “Great.” And then the next scene, he does it, and we’re good. And then they have a party on the ship.

The conflict is driven entirely by the fact that he’s not finished baking. That’s why your characters must be arguing with each other, even if you like them both, about who is going to handle the tiger. I’ve changed it to a tiger.

John: Tigers and lions. They both work really well. You can mate them together. You get a liger. It’s all good.
Craig: The liger. The liger.

John: I’m going to circle back to what you were talking about with The Matrix, because I think that was a great example of – if Neo had just accepted his fate from the start, like, “Oh, I’m the chosen one? Okay, great. Let me do this thing,” the movie would have been 10 minutes long.

I want to talk about that in context of how do you sustain conflict over the whole course of a movie, because there have been times where I’ve read scripts that I’ve really enjoyed the writing, but I felt like, “Okay, on about page 50 we’re done. Everything that needed to happen happened. Okay. I guess we have another 50 pages to read through, but I don’t know why we’re reading through these things.” Let’s talk about some ways that you sustain conflict over the length of your movie.

First off is the question: are you resolving the central conflict too early? If there’s a thing that the character wants, are you giving them what they want too early? That’s sort of an obvious thing. You’re not going to find that all that often. Usually, people have a sense like, oh, I need to actually wait until near the end of the movie for the person to win the championship boxing prize.

But as Lindsay Doran often points out, the real nature of victory in these kind of movies usually is not winning the championship match; it’s resolving that conflict with your wife. It is the achieving this inner vision for who you need to be in your life. And if that happens too early, that’s not going to be a good experience to sit through the rest of the movie.

Craig: Yeah. And you can really see this with biopics because biopics are stuck with facts. And when you see a bad one, you’re watching somebody go overcome their conflict and then now they’re famous and stuff. And then you can feel the movie trying to manufacture conflict and struggling to do so, or manufacturing the same kind of conflict over and over.

That’s why one of my favorite biopics is What’s Love Got to Do With It, because it’s got this incredible conflict going through it that changes and builds and crescendos and finally is resolved. And that’s what we want. That’s why in biopics in particular you can see how the external successes are meaningless. That’s the whole point. Oh, all you thought it was just fun and games and fame, but look what was really going on. We like that sort of thing.

You definitely don’t want to make the mistake of the bad biopic. You don’t want to reward your character too soon. You want to hold back. There should be really one reward. That has to land essentially 10 pages before the movie ends. I don’t know how else to do it.

John: That sounds so formulaic, but it’s absolutely so true. And the success of writing is finding ways to get to that place, so when that moment comes, it feels like a tremendous reward that you didn’t quite see coming that way. That it’s still a surprise to you. That you may not even as an audience quite recognize what it is that you wanted them to achieve, but then they achieve it and that’s fantastic. Or if they don’t achieve it and that’s tragic. Yet, that is the point of how you’re constructing your movie.

Craig: Yeah. In Up, Carl wants to make good on his promise and take the house and land it on the place where his dead wife wanted to be. And in the end, he’s changed that, as we knew he would, and he finally lets the house go. And when he lets the house go, we understand. Maybe there’s five minutes left? Maybe eight or nine. I don’t know how much we can bear.

But the point is if that in your creation is coming at the minute 30 mark, you have a short film. Just know you’ve got 10 minutes after that thing. That’s it. And then stop.

John: It has to be done. Next thing I want to point out is sometimes you’re hitting the same note too many times. You are trying so sustain the conflict, but if you’re just sustaining the conflict by having the same argument again, or having the same fight again, then you’ve lost us. Because we need to see each time we revisit that conflict, revisit that theme, it needs to be different. There needs to be a change that has happened. If the same characters are having the same argument on page 80 as they did on page 20, that’s not going to be successful.

Craig: Agreed. Again, What’s Love Got to Do With It is a good example of this, because the actual nature of domestic violence is incredibly repetitive. A man beats up a woman. The police come. She doesn’t press charges. They go away. A man beats up the woman. And this happens over and over and over and over and over. Tragic, but not movie tragic.

The problem is, and it’s terrible to say, that in narrative form what happens is we become numb to it. We become numb to narrative repetition. What that movie does so well is it changes the nature of the abuse subtly but almost every single time. Whether it’s I’m going to say something to you, I’m going to be cruel to you, or I’m going to control you. Now I hit you once. Now I’m on drugs and I’m out of control. Now I hit you a lot.

Now the problem is now you’re having an argument with somebody else about why you don’t want to leave him. Now you’re having an argument with him about him cheating. We’re starting to change the arrows. You really can’t do the same fight over and over and over. You’ll start to feel very, very bored, unless you have a simple adventure movie where – martial arts movies oftentimes really are just a video game of increasingly difficult battles until you face the boss, and that’s okay. That’s what people are going for.
But even in those, there should be some sort of internal conflict.

John: Yeah. Generally in those cases, those conflicts, there will be dance numbers that are like a different kind of dance number, so each of those fights is a little bit different, so it feels like you have made forward progress. There’s a video I’ll link to that takes a look at Snowcatcher. Snowpiercer, sorry, Snowpiercer. Foxcatcher/Snowpiercer.

Craig: I want to see Snowcatcher.

John: Yeah. It’s basically the guy who catches snowball. He does such a great job. But then his snowball catching coach is really creepy. It’s pretty great. And it’s post-apocalyptic, too.

Craig: Of course.

John: In Snowpiercer there’s a video that shows left or right, which is the fundamental dilemma of the movie. But essentially that movie is completely linear. It literally goes from the left side of the train to the right side of the train, from the back to the front. It could have that quality of just being a grind, like fight after fight after fight, and yet it’s able to make each of them different and actually change how the Chris Evans character is facing each of these battles, because he’s questioning his own choices along the way.

Craig: That’s right. Each successive conflict point should change the character. It doesn’t have to change them for better. It doesn’t have to change them necessarily for the worse. Sometimes it just changes them sideways. Sometimes they just learn information. But it’s always about character.

And you have to remember through all of these conflicts that the people watching the movie without knowing it are constantly doing this computation of connecting the character’s conflict and tragedy to their own. Constantly.

We’re coming up on our discussion of Whiplash. Very few people are jazz drummers. I don’t know how many there are left.

John: There are probably more screenwriters than there are jazz drummers.

Craig: There are probably more screenwriters than jazz drummers. But that’s okay. We can all do the computational math to connect it to the analogs in our life.

John: Yeah. Going back to this idea of sustaining conflict across the nature of the movie, you pointed to this in your last discussion here, is that you’re looking for ways that these conflicts are changing the characters and basically how do you make it worse for your hero.

There are certain tropes that I sort of fall back on, but they’re meaningful. And to me it’s burning down the house. How are you making it so it’s impossible for them to go back to the way they were before. How do you make it so it’s impossible for them to get back to a place of safety? How can you have characters betray each other or betray their own visions? How can you pull characters away from the other characters that they love? You’re looking for ways to make things worse so that the conflict actually increases and doesn’t get resolved too early in your story.

Craig: To use The Matrix as an example, what we’re talking about I think is the genesis of one of the smartest choices in that movie. They didn’t need the Oracle character. What they had was a screenwriting problem if you think about it. Laurence Fishburne, Morpheus, is saying, I’ve been looking around. I’m really smart. I’m essentially the smartest person in the world based on what the movie is telling everyone. And I believe you are the one. I’ve been watching you. And I think you’re the one.

Now, we have no idea why. The answer to that question why is because they don’t know either. Nobody knows. It’s just let’s just take it as a given. He’s watched him. He’s smart. You’re the one. The problem then is Keanu Reeves doesn’t believe he’s the one, but I know he’s the one, so I guess I’ve got to watch this jerk not believe what I already believe until he finally believes it. And that’s brutal. That’s just brutal. I’m way ahead of him.

Enter the Oracle character, a brilliant idea from the Wachowskis, who is going to confirm that this is the one – Morpheus. It’s just a little check to make sure. She says, “You’re not.” She actually doesn’t say, “You’re not.” She says, “But you know what I’m already going to say.” And he says, “I’m not the one.” She says, “Sorry. It’s not all good news. Have a cookie.” Great character. And that was really important, because what that did was start us all running other computational math. And then it made the revelation later – she told you exactly what you needed to hear – impactful. By the way, that comes up in Whiplash as well.

John: It does. Absolutely. Before we get to Whiplash, I want to talk through one of my favorite movies of all time and sort of how it does conflict and how it sustains conflict over the course of the whole nature of the movie, which is of course my dearest most favorite movie, which is Aliens.

Craig: Game over, man.

John: Oh, my god, it’s just such an amazingly good movie.

Craig: Why’d you put her in charge?

John: Within each and every scene, there is terrific conflict. And Ripley is always in conflict with characters. Sometimes she’s arguing. Sometimes she’s disagreeing with what they’re doing. Sometimes she just doesn’t want to go on the mission at all. And she’s sort of forced into going on this mission. In every moment within each scene, if she’s not driving the scene, she is your eyes on the scene and she is your way into the scene. And she is in conflict with everyone around her basically the entire movie.

But if you look at the movie macro overall, it does just a brilliant job of not ever letting her get out of conflict. And actually, each point along the way she is getting herself more and more into more immediately dangerous physical conflict with either soldiers she’s sent on the mission with or with a group of aliens or the Alien Queen. The movie is so smartly constructed to make sure that the conflict is continuously escalating up through the very, very, very end.

Craig: Yeah. He, Cameron had this really – I don’t know if this was quite this conscious, but he created this situation that was remarkably frustrating. Frustration is a great feeling to inspire an audience.

She knows. She’s the one person who has experienced this thing, these things. She knows and everybody else is being either arrogant or duplicitous. And it’s incredibly frustrating to watch her continue to say this is bad and have nobody else really care, or think that it’s not that bad. And then it’s more frustrating when the truth emerges and all the arrogant people are now cowards, or at least one notably is a coward who is saying, “We got to go. We can’t win.” And she’s saying, “No, actually you can. I’ve done that before too.” And now she has a kid.

The conflict of frustration is wonderful. It makes us angry. And anger is a terrific thing to inspire an audience, as long as you can eventually release it with some kind of final triumph.

John: What Cameron was so smart about recognizing is that the audience had the same information as Ripley. And so we and Ripley both knew that the aliens were incredibly dangerous and this was an incredibly stupid idea to go on this rescue mission to this planet.
And he was able to let her articulate exactly what we’re thinking, like, “No, no, don’t go there.” And yet we all had to go there together.

And it was a very smart setup and a very smart change along the way, because we would make the same choices Ripley made, or at least we hope we would make the same choices as Ripley made, to go to try to save Newt, to save the other soldiers, to do what she could.

Craig: Yeah. Also, brilliantly, he understood, and I think Cameron has always understood this: that beyond all the hoopla of the effects, and the light, and the noise, and the monsters, we will always care about the person more than anything. And so we don’t care about the monsters.

I bet so many directors saw Alien and thought, wow, it’s about the monsters, man. And it’s not. It’s never about the monsters. We’re the monsters. We’re the problem. Whoa, dude.

John: Whoa dude. Just to delay Whiplash one more moment, as we were preparing our outline of notes for this thing, I started thinking back to my own movies and I wanted to quickly go through my movies and figure out which ones had conflict that basically drove it, and which ones didn’t so much.

My very first movie, Go, it’s a conflict factory. Everyone is in conflict at all times. Ronna wants to make this tiny drug deal happen. She sets off this series of events. Claire keeps trying to be the voice of reason and keeps getting ignored. The second section, the four guys in Vegas, every one of those guys is in conflict the entire time. And sometimes it’s just bantery conflict, but then it gets much, much worse throughout the thing. And in the final chapter, Adam and Zack, they seem to be at each other’s throats. We’re not sure why. We find out that they’re a couple and that they’ve been sleeping with the same guy. So, that whole movie is a conflict thing.

But compare that to the Charlie’s Angels movies, and one of the real frustrations of the Charlie’s Angels movies is the Angels kind of had to get along. They’re supposed to be a team, they’re supposed to be sisters. They weren’t supposed to fight with each other. And so we had to create a lot of external conflict just so you wouldn’t kind of notice that they were getting along so well.

That’s one of the challenges of that kind of movie is if they’re supposed to be a team that gets along great together, well, it’s hard to have it introduced in a scene. Somebody else has to show up to make there be a problem.

Craig: When they’re not in conflict with each other, sometimes it’s hard just to figure out who’s supposed to talk next.

John: Absolutely true. I was reminded by Max Temkin, who created Cards Against Humanity, one of the guys behind that – he had this great blog post this last week about how to watch Star Trek: The Next Generation in 40 hours. And so he basically gives you a viewing list to go through the whole series and understand what made that series so great. But he points out that Roddenberry did not want there to be any conflict between the characters at all.

Craig: That’s right.

John: So those first few seasons, he didn’t want the characters to disagree with each other unless they were possessed by some other force or something else. And so it became really hard to write those characters in scenes because they had to get along. They had to follow orders.

Craig: It’s strange. I never really thought about it that way. I love that show. I watched every episode of that show. And it is true. You sort of began to see them all as vaguely people, but really more — you were waiting for them to fight someone.

John: Yeah. And so season three, like after Roddenberry was gone, it did change. And you started to see some conflicts between each other which were useful. It never progressed as far as later science fiction shows would take it, but there was some real —

Craig: Yeah. Worf would get all grumpy.

John: Big Fish. Big Fish, there’s not a lot of conflict in the Edward flashback scenes. It’s sort of his story. Because it is idealized. It is happy and wonderful. But the movie is structured around a central conflict between the father and the son. And in my 15-year journey of making different versions of Big Fish, that’s always been the hardest thing is how to have that conflict feel real and meaningful, and yet not have the son become completely unlikeable and not make the father so overbearing that you kind of want him to be dead. And that is a fundamental challenge of that movie.

Craig: And that was certainly something that we went around and around on with Melissa’s character on Identify Thief.

John: Oh, absolutely.

Craig:  Melissa and I and Jason all felt pretty strongly that the only way it was going to work was if we just took all of the safety belts off of her character and let her be awful. Just let her be awful. But the very first scene had to show – it’s like the planting the seed of redemption. There’s a difference – even Darth Vader. Before we really get to see Darth Vader going bananas and being a jerk, Obi Wan says, “Darth Vader was a pupil of mine. He was great. But then he turned to the dark side.” And we go, okay, well there’s a good guy in there somewhere. So when he turns, we think, yes, finally, he has returned. He’s not turned; he’s returned.

When you have these awful characters, you need to set up the return fairly early on. Some sign that they were not just simply born psychopathic. Otherwise we won’t believe the return. For me, all of my movies have conflict, because comedy is conflict. That’s all it is.

[Episode 402 Clip]

Craig: Listener questions. Are we doing listener questions or we doing stakes? What would you like to do first?

John: Well, our first listener question is about stakes so I thought we might start with this. Why don’t you take Vera’s question here?

Craig: Sure. Vera from Germany, welcome Vera, asks, “How do I raise the stakes in a true story? I’m involved in writing a feature film based on real events. Our producers are worried there may not be enough personal jeopardy in the story, and I worry there may not be enough potential for it. The story is about young researchers who learn something of global consequence. They are ridiculed once published and their lives changed drastically after, but they didn’t know that beforehand.

“Almost all our main characters are alive today and still relatively well-known. We’re even in touch with them, and they’re supportive of our project. So we can’t make their past selves look worse than they are and wouldn’t want to. They were good. How can I raise the stakes for the characters beginning early in this story?”

John, what do you think?
John: Well, first off, Vera, this is a fantastic question, because it’s the kind of thing you’re going to face all the time. You have the extra difficulty of having real life people in there so you can’t manipulate backstories in ways that sort of get to reverse engineer what you want them to have.

But let’s talk about stakes overall, because we’ve talked about stakes in previous episodes, but it’s good to have a refresher about what we mean by stakes, what development executives mean by stakes, why you hear this term used so much, particularly in features. You hear it some in TV, but you really hear it in features.

I think there’s two main questions you’re asking when you talk about stakes. First is what is the character risking by taking this action? By making a choice to do a thing what are they putting at risk? The second question is what are the consequences if this character or these characters don’t succeed? So it’s both the action that they’re taking and also the consequences of a failure. How bad is the failure if they don’t succeed?

Chernobyl, of course, has remarkable stakes throughout the three episodes I’ve seen so far. Characters are faced with these kind of stakes questions all the time. Craig, anything else about the definition of stakes we want to tackle before we get into it?

Craig: No, it’s a very simple concept. What are you risking, and what happens if we don’t succeed? It’s as simple as that.

John: Yeah. So you’re trying to pick the answers to those questions, and to me what’s so crucial and so often missing is proportionality. You have to pick stakes that feel right for these characters, this world, this situation. Not everything can literally be life or death. Not everything is the end of the world. And so often, I think especially in our blockbusters, we try to make everything be the end of the world. Superhero movies especially have to sort of be saving the whole world, and they probably shouldn’t be so often.

If you think about the world of the characters, it could be the end of the world to those characters. And so then you have to carefully define, you know, what is their world consisting of. Is it their social grouping? Their standing? Is it their family? Is it their dreams, their hopes, their wishes, their goals? What is at risk for them that isn’t necessarily of global consequence?

Craig: Yeah. We are currently in a state of stakesflation in Hollywood where everything gets upped. It’s not enough to destroy a planet; now you must destroy the galaxy. No, now you have to destroy multiple galaxies. Now you have to destroy half of everything that is alive, which I assume at some point someone is going to say, “Well, we have to move that up to next time Thanos snaps his fingers it needs to be three-quarters.”

But when you think back to the first blockbuster, generally Jaws is considered to be the first blockbuster film, and the stakes in Jaws are there are people on an island that are being eaten by a shark. And our heroes have to stop the shark before it eats another person. That’s it. That’s it. And it captivates to this very day, because the stakes there are really not so much about random people getting chewed up. It’s about a man who has a certain sense of self and purpose, and that self and purpose is being challenged to the extreme by a creature that seemingly is beyond his ability to handle. That’s stakes. It’s personal. I love it.

John: That’s stakes. So obviously when we talk about stakes, our key focus has to be our hero, our protagonist, and what are the stakes for that character. But it’s important to remember that there should be stakes for most of these characters, and they don’t have to be the same stakes. In the case of Jaws, there’s the stakes of if we do this then we could hurt tourism. If we acknowledge this problem, there could be issues.

I’m thinking to Chernobyl. So, we have your scientists explaining, no, if we don’t do this thing, the next thing is going to blow up and it’s going to be worse. And we have another scientist who is saying if we don’t figure out exactly what happened, these other reactors could blow up. But we also have government officials who are saying we can’t let this get out, because if we do let this get out, then there will be a panic. Everyone has a different sense of what the stakes are and they’re taking actions that match their own understanding of what are the most important stakes.

Craig: Yeah. For some characters in the show, the stakes are love. I want to be with the person that I love. I don’t want to abandon them, even though it puts my own life at risk. For other people, the stakes are I have to keep this government together. And if I fail to, then there’s going to be chaos. Everybody had their different competing interests.

For instance, in Chernobyl there’s a moment in Episode 2 where Jared Harris and Stellan Skarsgård’s characters are on a helicopter and they’re approaching the power plant. And they both have stakes. One guy is, “I have an order from the supreme leader of the Soviet Union. That is somebody with nearly absolute power. And I have to fulfill that, because if I don’t, I understand that my life and my position and my authority and everything I have is under severe threat.” And the other character’s stakes are, “That’s going to kill us. Don’t go there. We’ll all die.” Competing stakes. Always a good thing to have.

John: And ultimately the helicopter pilot has to decide who does he need to listen to in this moment? And he actually reverts to sort of lower on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to sort of get to, okay, I don’t want to die in the next two minutes, and so therefore I’m not going to fly over this thing. I’m going to listen to the other person.

But I think that actually points to really the root of stakes, which is needs and wants. I mean, wants are generally sort of the better way of thinking about it. But what is the character going after? And is the thing they’re going after a really primal survival kind of thing? In some movies it absolutely will be. In some movies it is life or death. It’s cliffhanger. It’s those movies where at any given moment you could die.

But for most characters in most movies, it’s a little bit higher up the chain. So it’s about comfort, family, stability, self-realization, self-actualization. Their sense of identity is at stake if they don’t succeed in this venture, and that’s the risk that they’re taking.

Craig: All these levels of things, what it comes down to is what can you make me believe. And when it comes to stakes, I don’t really as a writer have to do much to make you believe at home that saving the planet from a space alien is high enough stakes. It’s just sort of baked into the scenario. Strangely, and this is something I wish our friends in the executive suites had a stronger grasp of, that reduces our interest, because there isn’t much of a challenge to that question.

John, a space alien, is threatening to blow up the world, and we need you to solve it. I’m on the world. What am I supposed to do otherwise? I don’t really have a huge choice there. But if I say to you, John, you have a dream of something that means a lot to you, but to pursue it will put your relationship with your own family at risk. That is stakes that now I’m leaning forward in my seat and thinking, ooh.

John: So Craig, let’s talk about another recent movie that did a great job with stakes. And obviously this is a movie that had huge end of the universe kind of stakes but also had very personal stakes, which was Avengers: Endgame, which I thought did a really brilliant job of blending the two. Because obviously it’s going to have these big superhero stakes. Half of civilization, half of all living things have been eliminated with a snap. And yet there were very clear personal stories that they focused on. We see Hawkeye losing his family and sort of wanted to get his family back, and so that was so important. But I thought what they did with Tony Stark, and Tony Stark being reluctant to even pursue going after this solution, because he didn’t want to risk this family that he’d been able to have in this intervening time, was really smartly done.

Craig: Yeah. Markus and McFeely are experts at working what I would call understandable, empathizable, if that’s a term, stakes into movies where the apparent stakes are ka-boom and blech and pow. What they say is even something as dramatic and huge circumstantially as half of every living person dying in the universe, they narrow it in. It’s like they kind of force you to tunnel into a relationship to that event through individuals. What does this mean for me and the man I love? What does this mean for me and my brother? What does this mean for me and the sacrifices I’ve made in my own life to get to this point? All of it is – they just tunnel you into that so that the two things are enmeshed. And that is super important.

I just think these broader stakes of “something is going to blow up” is ultimately irrelevant. There’s no Die Hard unless there is a man trying to win his wife back. It just doesn’t matter. I don’t care.

John: It doesn’t matter.

Craig: I don’t care about who is in the Nakatomi Building. I want John McClane to kind of earn some redemption and get his life back. That’s what I’m hoping for.

John: Yeah. And even movies that have similar kinds of plot devices, the nature of the stakes is so key in why they work differently. So think about comparing the first Charlie’s Angels to a Mission: Impossible movie. They both have some of the same beats and sort of plot mechanics and sort of set pieces, but the Charlie’s Angels movies fundamentally – will this family be torn apart? Will they be able to save their father figure character? That’s a very different dynamic than what you see in a Mission: Impossible movie.

It gets down to those really granular details about what is the relationship between these characters. What do they really want beyond just the plot wants?

Craig: Yeah. And this kind of fine-tuning and understanding, this is where unfortunately we do drift out of the area of craft and into the area of instinct which isn’t really teachable. But what I would say to Vera is, in just garnering what I can from your question, Vera, it seems to me that you’re wondering if you have to make them look bad to create stakes, and I’m not sure that that’s ever necessary. Those two things aren’t really connected. I think if they were good people, but you understood watching it – and you may have to adjust – that they were risking something really important to them to put their research out into the world. And really important, it can’t just be my job. Nobody cares. You can get another job.

It has to be how someone they love or admire looks at them. Or how it might disrupt their pursuit of somebody that they love. Or how it might affect who they think they are as a human being and what their value is. It’s got to be something I can feel in my stomach, you know? Then there are stakes. And, by the way, perfectly fine to create a movie with stakes and have a character “bet it all,” quote unquote, and lose. That sometimes is the most interesting story at all.

John: Yeah. I think back to Erin Brockovich, which this is based on a true life story. This character intervenes in these water poisoning situations. But it was the specificity of what was in turmoil in her life that made it such a compelling story. And Susannah Grant had to look at all the possible stories to tell and pick the one that had real stakes for that central Erin Brockovich character. And her stakes were not the stakes of the people who were drinking the contaminated water. Her stakes are personal. They’re about her relationships. They involve her kid, her boyfriend, the dynamics of her life.

So I would say look at the characters, the real life people you have in this situation. Try to mine for some interesting ways that they either fit together or that in taking the actions they are doing, they’re not just disrupting their own lives or risking their own – I say lives, not their physical lives but their own status or place – but that it is going to have repercussions on those around them. And the degree to which they understand that, those are stakes.

Craig: Yeah. 100%. I think that that’s kind of what we’re dancing around here as we talk through all this. We’re really talking about character. I think sometimes this notion of stakes gets separated out by people who are analytic or – and by analytic I mean producers and executives who are trying to come up with something easy for us, like, “What are the stakes?” And the truth is if the character is working, you’ll know what the stakes are. The character and the stakes should be embedded with each other. It should just be one in the same.

In the same way that the character and the story should be embedded with each other and be one in the same, and the dialogue and the character should be – character is the hub. Character is the hub of the wheel, my friends. And stakes is just one more spoke emanating out of it. It’s all baked into character.

In the case of adapting real life, Vera, it’s okay to make changes in order to create some stakes. Sometimes you have to alter that, but do it within the spirit of what you know really happened. And if in the spirit of what really happened there are no stakes at all, maybe it’s not a thing. But I suspect that there are some there.

John: I think there are. The last little bit I want to add on stakes is there’s a second kind of stakes which is not this overall story/character arch-y kind of stakes, but is very specific to a scene or sequence. And so an action sequence is the easiest way to think about that, where if the character doesn’t succeed in this moment these are the consequences or the possible consequences. In those cases, it is a little bit more craft, where you actually have to understand that the audience needs to be able to see what could go wrong or what the downfalls are of a mistake or a less than perfect performance in that moment.

When we had Chris McQuarrie on to talk about – on Episode 300 – to talk about the Mission: Impossible movies, he gets a lot into that, which is basically how can this possibly end well. And to get the audience asking that question, you have to make it clear what the jeopardy is. And sometimes as I’ve rewritten my own stuff or rewritten other people’s stuff, it’s because it wasn’t clear in that moment, in that scene, what was the thing that could tip one way or the other. So making sure that in those moments that is really clear to an audience.

Craig: Every scene is its own movie. And that means every scene has its own stakes. And all of that is connected back to a simple question: what is it you want? What do you want? Even if the scene is if that fiery gasoline trail hits that fuel tank, then all those people are going to die, well, I want to stop that. It still has to come back to somebody wanting something. And ideally, there’s somebody else saying, “No, I want it to explode.” And now we’ve got ourselves a scene. But even if the scene is I’m sitting down to tell someone that the nature of our relationship is changing, there are stakes. So it’s always there.

[End of Clips]

John: It’s time for our One Cool Things. My One Cool Thing is an article from this past week from The Guardian all about whether it’s appropriate to apostrophe-S to the end of Kamala Harris’s name when you’re using it as possessive. It’s a complicated situation, because AP Style Guide says if a person’s name ends in an S, you just add an apostrophe, and not the apostrophe-S.

Drew: That’s what I was always taught.

John: But that’s not actually how most places really do it. AP Style Guide says one thing, but in most cases, they’ll say you should actually do it the way you pronounce it. We say “Harris’s.” We say the apostrophe-S. Most grammarians, most word nerds would say you should really add the apostrophe-S. It’s an ongoing debate.

Drew: That makes sense it’s a debate, because my defenses went up. I was like, it’s an apostrophe at the end of the S, and that is final. I’m interested to read this.

John: It’s one of those situations where there’s no perfect answer. Benjamin Dreyer, who’s one of the more practical grammarians out there, says it’s not worth worrying about so much, and because it’s not worth worrying about so much, probably apostrophe-S makes the most sense, because it just disappears for people.

Drew: I can see that written out too in my head like “Harris’s,” apostrophe-S.

John: Fine.

Drew: I’m open to it.

John: Drew, what do you got?

Drew: I have two this week.

John: Please.

Drew: They’re both food related. If you’re in LA, The Heights Deli and Bottle Shop in Lincoln Heights. It’s my new neighborhood. I just found it. It’s great. They do sandwiches. They have cans, like you can have beer, and they have wine. That’s it. It’s just very barebones. But the sandwiches are delicious. They’re huge. They’re 11 to 13 bucks. The wine is really nice, really cool stuff, like pét-nats and stuff like that, but priced well. If you’re going to a friend’s party and want to show up, but you don’t want to spend more than 20 bucks, The Heights Bottle Shop has you covered.

John: How does this compare to Larchmont Wine and Cheese? Which naturally, people are going to have it as a reference, because that’s an iconic brand. It’s a wine store on Larchmont Boulevard that for some reason sells sandwiches.

Drew: Such a good question. They sell the same things, basically, but totally different. The way Larchmont Wine and Cheese is, there’s lots of different pieces to it. They have olives and things like that. It feels very lived in and worn. Heights Deli and Bottle Shop feels much more like The Bear. It’s much more stripped down. It’s just fridges running with some beer, wine in the middle, and sandwiches on the side. There’s not that kind of curation that Larchmont Wine and Cheese has, or at least with all the little pieces. I feel like they’re less cheese enthusiast at The Heights Bottle Shop.

John: I guess the store is Larchmont Wine and Cheese, so the cheese is a big part of it.

Drew: It hinges on the cheese.

John: The cheese stands alone. What are these Cheerios Veggie Blends?

Drew: Cheerios Veggie Blends, brand new cereal. I had sworn off cereal. I’m back. They are delicious. They’re really good for you. They’ve got a quarter cup of fruits and veggies. I don’t know if that’s real. I had a high school chemistry teacher who broke apart why all cereal marketing is lies. But they’re delicious. They’re really good. They’ve brought me back to cereal. They are Cheerios Veggie Blends. Worth giving a shot.

John: If we’re hyping cereals, I will say that my new go-to has been Fiber One, which is an iconic good cereal, a high-fiber cereal, but you add in a little bit of the Special K Zero. Special K Zero is a very low-carb cereal that if you were to eat a bowl by itself would taste kind of weird. It doesn’t work by itself, but that on top of some Fiber One, delicious, love it.

Drew: Is there any sweetness to the Special K Zero?

John: There is. It uses some magical process to create a thing. It’s probably soy based. It’s actually not a grain-based thing. It has the texture of cereal without actually being cereal.

Drew: I feel like I’m at this point in my life now where I’ve pulled back on sugar so much that even that little bit of memories of sugar does it for me.

John: Delicious. Drew, thank you so much for putting this episode together. That is our show for this week. These segments were originally produced by Stuart Friedel and Megana Rao. Scriptnotes is now produced by Drew Marquardt, edited by Matthew Chilelli, as always.

Our outro this week is by Tim Brown, has a good Western theme. If you have an outro, you can send us a link to ask@johnaugust.com. That’s also the place where you can send questions. If you are curious about the game person we’re trying to hire, there’s a link in the show notes, so click through to that. Don’t send it to ask@johnaugust.com. It’s a whole different place you apply for that.

You’ll find the show notes for this episode and all episodes at johnaugust.com. That’s also where you’ll find the transcripts and sign up for our weekly newsletter called Inneresting, which has lots of links to things about writing. We have T-shirts, and they’re great. You’ll love them. They’re at Cotton Bureau. You can sign up to become a Premium member at scriptnotes.net, where you get all the back-episodes and Bonus Segments like the one we’re about to feature on the conflict in Whiplash. Drew, thanks so much.

Drew: Thanks, John.

[Bonus Segment]

John: We’ve delayed long enough. Let’s talk about Whiplash. Whiplash is a movie made by Damien Chazelle. I quite enjoyed it. The script for it you can find in Weekend Read. Sony finally published it on their site. We’ll have links to both the pdf version and the Weekend Read version of it. It’s slightly different than the one they actually sent out to us, which is strange, but that’s just the way it happens sometimes.

I was actually fascinated by the way that Whiplash is essentially a two-hander, and it’s just a conflict machine. It’s basically the story of Andrew and his drumming professor, his jazz teacher, professor, and their conflict throughout the course of this movie.

Craig: There’s so much to talk about with this movie. Because we’re running a little long here, I’m wondering should we maybe move it to the next show, because not only is it a great study of how to portray conflict and to escalate conflict and change conflict, but also, it’s got this whole other discussion about art and being an artist.

John: I think we should move the art discussion to the next one, but let’s just talk a little bit about the conflict, so we can wrap up this episode to be super conflict-y.

What I think is so smart – and I’m going to use one of our favorite words again. I apologize in advance that we use this every episode. It’s specificity. I completely understood what each of the characters was doing and why they were doing it, even though I don’t know a damn thing about jazz bands or drumming. I don’t care about jazz bands or drumming, and yet the specificity of it made me believe that the filmmakers understood it, and every character in this thing loved it and was obsessed with it.

When you have characters who deeply believe in their worlds and deeply believe in their world visions who come into conflict, you’re going to have potential for great stuff. I thought it really achieved that. I understood what Andrew wanted. I understand that he had this vision of himself as being one of the greatest drummers of all time. I had this vision that Fletcher saw himself as a kingmaker of sorts. He saw himself as the gatekeeper between you are just a jazz student and you are one of the greats. Yet the movie asked me to keep asking the question, is this guy trying to inspire his students, or is this guy just a sociopath? That was really, really well done.

Craig: It’s funny, I made my list of conflict types before I saw Whiplash. As I look through this list, I realize Whiplash has done all of them. It has physical arguments and verbal arguments. It even has struggle against circumstance. There’s a sequence where the bus that Andrew’s on breaks down, and he’s late, and he has to figure out how to get to the auditorium on time.

It certainly has unfulfilled desire. The movie’s soaking in it. He desperately wants to be great, and he doesn’t know how to be great.

It’s got avoiding a negative outcome. He’s trying to not be punished at times. There’s a scene where he breaks up with a girl and is trying to not hurt her feelings.

There’s a wonderful scene that’s based entirely on the conflict of confusion, where he is asked to play something in front of an audience that he doesn’t know.

John: There’s actually a couple great moments of confusion along the way, where he’s not sure, like, wait, did I get invited to the band? Did I show up late? What’s going to go on here? Wait, why am I not playing this? There’s the rate of confusion throughout.

Craig: That’s right. He’s told to show up for practice at 6:00 a.m. sharp. He wakes up at 6:05 in a panic, runs, falls on his face, gets up, keeps running. Finally gets there at 6:10 and sees outside that actually practice starts at 9:00 a.m.

John: He has that weight of confusion, like, “Wait, was I too late? Was I too early?” and what do you do.

Craig: Why did he tell-

John: It was the whole experience. It was incredibly specific to his situation, his moment. It was universal, because we’ve all had that thing of like, I don’t know if I just made a horrible mistake or what.

Craig: Right, is this my fault or is it his fault. Then lastly, dilemma. It’s got a huge dilemma in it. That’s articulated between his relationship with him and his father, and that is, is this worth dying for? Do I have to die to be great?

John: There are small dilemmas along the way too, which basically, do I send the letter talking about what actually happened, or do I not? That later becomes the confusion of, does Fletcher know what I did, or does Fletcher not know? The revelations of Fletcher’s actual motives comes onstage in a brilliant way. Interestingly, when you look through the screenplay, it happens differently in the screenplay, or it’s tipped in the screenplay.

I think we should come back to Whiplash next week. Maybe more people will have read the script, so we can get a little more specific about what is on the page. Because the movie has a lot of action sequences without any dialog, and it does a great job, I think, of doing that.

But also, you can look at the great example of what changes between a script and what changes in a movie. There’s little small things, little razorblades that went in there, and cut stuff out. I think they made for a stronger movie. That said, I’m not sure I would’ve changed anything in the script, because I think maybe you needed to have that stuff in the script so you would understand what was going on there. But you sometimes don’t need that in the final movie. The change between what was on the printed page and what showed up on the screen is really fascinating.

Craig: There are some big razorblades that came in too. It’s a very comforting thing. A lot of times we watch a movie, and we think, how am I supposed to write a script that’s as good as that? You’re not. The guy that wrote that movie also didn’t write a script as good as that. That’s the point. You’re going to make mistakes.

It’s funny; as I read through the script of Whiplash, I would occasionally get to a bit that wasn’t in the movie. It would read like a mistake, and I would also think, I know why he made that mistake. I make that mistake too. It’s a totally normal mistake. Sometimes that’s the thing. Sometimes it’s not a mistake.

John: Some of the things that get taken out of the movie, I can totally see why they would’ve worked, or maybe would’ve worked with different actors. Maybe you needed to have that moment just to play this thing. But because it’s a movie on a visual stage, we get the relationship between those characters. We don’t need any of the words that they just said.

Craig: Exactly.

Links:

  • John’s Video Game Job Posting
  • Episode 179 – The Conflict Episode
  • Episode 402 – How Do You Like Your Stakes?
  • Snowpiercer – Left or Right by Every Frame a Painting on YouTube
  • Star Trek: The Next Generation In 40 Hours by Max Temkin
  • Harris’ or Harris’s? Apostrophe row divides grammar nerds from The Guardian
  • The Heights Deli & Bottle Shop
  • Cheerios Veggie Blends
  • Special K Zero
  • Get a Scriptnotes T-shirt!
  • Check out the Inneresting Newsletter
  • Gift a Scriptnotes Subscription or treat yourself to a premium subscription!
  • Craig Mazin on Threads and Instagram
  • John August on Threads, Instagram, Twitter and Mastodon
  • Outro by Tim Brown (send us yours!)
  • Segments originally produced by Stuart Friedel and Megana Rao. Scriptnotes is produced by Drew Marquardt and edited by Matthew Chilelli.

Email us at ask@johnaugust.com

You can download the episode here.

Scriptnotes, Episode 654: How to Watch Bad Movies, Transcript

October 7, 2024 Scriptnotes Transcript

The original post for this episode can be found here.

John August: Hello and welcome. My name is John August.

Craig Mazin: Bloop, bloop. My name is Craig Mazin.

John: And this is Episode 654 of Scriptnotes, a podcast about screenwriting and things that are interesting to screenwriters. Now, often on this podcast, we talk about what we can learn from great movies. On several occasions, we even do deep dives on specific films to look at what makes them tick. Craig, you and I are trying to schedule one of those right now, in fact.

Craig: Very excited to make that happen. It’s been a long time since we’ve done a deep dive. And I love doing those.

John: We have a special guest who proposed one, and we’re so excited to do it. We’re gonna try to find a time for that.

Craig: It’s gonna be great.

John: It’ll be good. But today on the show, let’s take a look at what we can learn from watching bad movies. Here, we’ll say that I’m talking about selectively bad, like movies that just don’t work for you. Because my thesis is that we can draw a lot of useful lessons from the films you don’t enjoy, that you happen to watch for whatever reason.

We’ll also answer some listener questions. In our Bonus Segment for Premium members, since we’re talking about sticking it out through movies we don’t enjoy, let’s think about when else is it okay to bail on something. Specifically, when can you bail on a book, a play, a friendship, a relationship, a marriage.

Craig: What’s going on here, John? Is this where you explain to me why I’m not on the podcast anymore?

John: Only the folks in the Bonus Segment will know.

Craig: I like that you just couched it inside of a Bonus Segment. It’s a very you thing to do.

John: Absolutely. As the check is coming at the end of the meal, I was like, “Oh, also, I think this is our last meal together.”

Craig: Oh my god.

John: I had friends – well, a friend – I didn’t know the other guy – who went to Paris, and one professed his love to the other one, and it’s like, “Oh, I don’t feel that way at all.” They were gonna be in Paris for like another seven days or something.

Craig: That’s where you just go and do solo tourism. Were they sharing a room?

John: Yes.

Craig: Oh, no. Get a different room. Get a different room. That’s rough.

John: Let’s do some follow-up here. We had several people who wrote in with feedback about something we talked about in Episode 651. We were talking about this writer who had done a Lifetime movie and was wondering what should he be doing next, how to use this as a springboard for next steps. A couple people wrote in with their reactions to our advice.

Drew Marquardt: Tim writes, “There was an assumption that these films are covered by the WGA. That is not the reality for a lot of these cable network movie-of-the-weeks. A majority of these films are made by non-signatory companies and are acquired by Lifetime or Hallmark or what have you after production, with the writer most likely a non-union writer. A lot of these movies are also produced in Canada, by Canadian companies, so again, WGA rules may not apply.

“As for Daniel gaining momentum, I have written four movies for Lifetime, Hallmark, and similar channels, with one of my movies declared one of the 25 Best Hallmark Christmas Movies of All Time by Variety, and yet still I have trouble getting traction, even with the executives or network production companies I wrote the movies for.

“Regarding representation, I have also tried to get an agent manager, but the feedback I’ve received is that they are either not taking on new clients or they don’t really work with movie-of-the-week writers. So while I appreciate your advice for Daniel, it’s not really reflective of the reality of the movie-of-the-week world right now.”

Craig: I am thrilled that Tim wrote in with all this, because this is good education for us. It is a good reminder that these companies can buy things. We imagine typically, oh, it’s a Lifetime movie, Lifetime hires you to write a movie. But other production entities that are non-union – and certainly in Canada that makes it a lot easier or it’s WGC – make these things, and then Lifetime or Hallmark buys them and puts them on the air. That’s a great point, Daniel.

John: Yeah. To the point of like, it’s not just that these are non-signatory companies and that our assumptions about who makes these is wrong, but the idea that, oh, you should have reps and a manager, an agent who’s doing all this stuff for you, I guess that’s, again, our bias towards the kind of industry that we work in, versus the way that these movies are made. We had other people write in saying, “Yeah, I’ve done these movies too, and I’m still having a hard time getting a rep to represent me.” Again, this is a good education for us.

Craig: It is. I said, “Good point, Daniel,” when I meant, “Good point, Tim.” Sorry. Sorry, Tim. I have thanked him now, and I have also apologized to Tim. This is going great for me with Tim.

What I am also sort of delighted by is that Daniel has written four movies for those types of channels, and one of them was declared one of the 25 Best Hallmark Christmas of All Time. What’s awesome about that is that implies that there are a lot more than 25 Hallmark Christmas movies.

John: Oh, there are.

Craig: If it’s one of the 25 best-

John: There’s like 25 per season. There are so many of these.

Craig: How many do we think there have been?

John: Oh my god.

Craig: Is that something Googleable? Is it 100?

John: I think Stephen Follows, who’s the data expert, could probably generate a big database of how many there have been. It’s a huge, huge number.

Craig: Because I’m just thinking about the writing challenge of coming in to do something… Granted they want a certain kind of formula, of course. They’re not gonna want you to be wildly original, but still, you have to do something different. If there’s 100 of them, it’s like the “Simpsons did it” problem. What other angle can you do?

I have a friend who writes Hallmark Christmas movies. It is fascinating having a conversation with him about how he tries really hard, actually, to put a little spin on the ball here or there. Not easy to do. They have definitely gotten better about LGBTQ representation. It used to be, “No.” Then I think he worked them up to, “There are two guys that live next door, but no one talks about what the story is.” Then eventually, yes, now they are featuring people that aren’t in very Hallmarky heterosexual relationships. But it must be very challenging to come up with either new things or things that they allow that are new.

John: For sure. Again, an area we don’t know very much about. We’re sorry that we speculated wildly and used our biases towards the Hollywood stuff that we’re used to in answering the original question from Tim. I’m realizing we keep going back between Tim and Daniel. We’ve merged them into one super entity of person who writes these movies.

Craig: Taniel.

John: Taniel. Taniel, thank you so much for all your feedback, and everyone else who wrote in about this one.

We’ve talked before about colored pages and whether colored revisions are a thing that are still worth keeping. HL wrote in with a thought.

Drew: “Regarding the colored pages in screenplays, can they be used for WGA arbitration, given each writer had their own color?”

Craig: No.

John: Not really. I think it’s a misperception about how arbitrations work. In an arbitrations situation, the different writers will say, “Oh, this is the script that I wrote. This script best reflects the work that I did on the project.” But if they were on the project for two months and did seven different sets of colored revisions, you’re not gonna ask the arbitration panel to read each of the seven sets of revisions, probably. Instead, you’re gonna say this is the sum total of what was in these seven sets of revisions, or this is the state of the script after all these sets of revisions. Colored revisions themselves are not particularly meaningful in terms of which writer did which thing.

Craig: They’re not. The idea being, HL, that if you’ve done five revisions, the point of the fifth revision is that that’s the last one you hand in. That’s the one that’s relevant. We don’t ask arbiters to read prior revisions of stuff that got deleted and not filmed, because credit is for the film as it appears on screen or on your television screen. So that’s not relevant.

The only time that the credits department will say, “Hey, look, here’s this person’s final script they did, but here’s also one prior one,” would be if that writer – let’s call them Writer B – said, “Hey, my last script was on this date, but Writer C came along, went back to one of my earlier drafts and took some stuff and put it into their draft.” At which point it is relevant for the arbiters to see that, because basically, chronology determines primacy for authorship. That’s really the only circumstance.

I did, by the way, have a further discussion about this topic with my script supervisor, about the locked pages thing. Apparently, there’s something called Scriptation. Do you use Scriptation? I don’t use Scriptation.

John: I don’t.

Craig: But apparently, everyone around me is using it. I guess there is a way to use Scriptation to basically – if the pages do get unlocked, it does it for you and moves your notes around and stuff. I don’t understand it. But in any case, he was like, “Honestly, I could deal with the issues of it.” It’s fine. I would just basically have my own locked script that I would just be living with, because I have to generate a Final Draft file for him anyway, because that’s what he imports into his thing. I’d make one locked thing and one unlocked for everybody else. It’s fine.

John: Last little bit on colored revisions here. The only time in arbitration I can think of where I have seen one set of revisions come into the mix was when there were two writers who were working simultaneously on a project. Writer B did this thing, and Writer C did this thing. But Writer B was still employed and did something after that.

Sometimes, as an arbiter, I’ve seen little bits of pages rather than a full draft coming through. That happens too. But that’s more the exception than the rule. Whether it be a colored page or not a colored page, it doesn’t really matter, because every set of revisions has a date on it, and really the date is what matters.

Craig: Correct. A reasonable question, HL, but the answer is, not really, no.

John: Not really. This next one is about AI and screenwriting. This comes from Eileen. There’s screenshots here, so we’ll read what’s actually in the screenshots here if we can, Drew.

Drew: Sure. Should I do my LinkedIn voice?

John: Please. We got an official LinkedIn voice.

Craig: I didn’t even know LinkedIn had a LinkedIn voice.

Drew: “Pareto.AI is a human data collection platform connecting reading AI researchers with trusted industry experts to collaborate on AI alignment, safety, and training projects. By working together, we can better align AI models with human values and develop more helpful, honest, and harmless AI models. We have a globally distributed network of master annotators, evaluators, and prompt engineers, with a proven track record of successfully completing over 3 million tasks.

“We are currently seeking TV movie screenwriters in the Writers Guild of America or equivalent to assist with developing complex prompts to AI models based on difficult questions and tasks encountered in your respective field of expertise. Experience required: TV movie screenwriting with membership in the Writers Guild of America or an equivalent organization, strong background in creating and developing complex narratives and characters, and experience in crafting dialogue and storylines for TV or movie.

“Compensation is 100 US dollars per approved hour of work. Should your application be successful, the next step includes a one-hour paid trial to be completed within two days. What’s approved will progress to a two-hour paid trial. Those who pass both trial phases will join our project team. Work hours are flexible with an expected commitment of 10 hours per week for 4 weeks. If all goes well, the project may be extended. Please note prior AI training experience is not required, as hands-on mentorship from our expert team will be provided. This project is starting ASAP. For immediate consideration, please apply.”

John: A job listing on LinkedIn for folks to help train this AI model for script evaluation, screenwriting. It’s not quite clear what the model’s being used for. Craig, what’s your first instinct here?

Craig: To vomit.

John: Yeah.

Craig: This is a pretty classic, “Hey, come and teach your replacement so that we can replace you. We have this new robot that can spotweld. It’s just not good at spotwelding. We pay you a lot to spotweld, but jobs have been a little dicey, and the economy, blah, blah, blah. Come in, and we’ll give you $2,000 to train this robot, so that you, human spotwelder, will never be able to spotweld again.”

In addition, Pareto.AI is training their AI with writers who apparently need to make $100 an hour training AI. I gotta be honest with you. I’m not sure that’s gonna get you, for instance, the kind of writing that is done by people that don’t need to be paid $100 an hour to train AI for a couple of weeks or a month. I think this is all bad. I understand people need money. There are other ways to make money. I think this is gross and sort of demeaning. I don’t like it at all.

John: I looked through Pareto is actually doing. It looks like they are a subcontractor, basically. Someone has a model, and they go to Pareto to say, “Hey, we need you to recruit people to actually do the reinforcement learning from human feedback,” which is the way you train a model to get better, basically. The model spits something out, and the human needs to say, “No, you did bad here, but this was actually pretty good.” That’s human reinforcement, the human feedback that reinforces the model there.

Listen. These things are going to happen. They’re gonna train these things regardless. I can’t fault a writer who needs the money. There are certainly a lot of writers right now who need the money, for getting 100 bucks an hour to do this thing, as opposed to driving for Uber or working at a coffee shop. One of my first jobs was as a reader at Tristar. It wasn’t data labeling in the same way, but it was kind of the same gig, where I was doing work for people so they wouldn’t actually have to read these scripts. That’s a function that I can understand.

What makes you uncomfortable, I think makes me uncomfortable too, is that you are training your replacement. You’re training a system that is there to replace your whole industry. A thing you set out your life to do is this thing. That is a real, tangible frustration. And yet it’s going to happen inevitably, so getting paid some money in that process, I can understand.

Craig: We all have choices to make. $100 an hour is pretty decent, but it is not a shocking amount of money. More importantly, this is a four-week gig. “If all goes well, the project may be extended.” This isn’t a year of your life. You’re gonna make some sort of short-term cash for these people.

I’m just looking at their deal. It was founded by Phoebe Yao, Thiel Fellow. That’s Peter Thiel’s. I’m out. I see Peter Thiel, I’m running the other direction. Peter Thiel, the guy who said that we don’t need democracy anymore I think was his latest.

John: That’s a good one.

Craig: Way to go, Peter. No. No. I hate this. This one’s easy to me. Sure, it may be inevitable. It may be that they’ll find people. But I guess my biggest pitch to people considering this is, I’m not saying you’re a bad writer. What I’m saying is, if you are contemplating this, you are an underemployed writer. You may be somebody that is specifically going to benefit from getting in a room, being properly trained by humans who are very good writers with a lot of experience, who aren’t at this level, who don’t need $100 an hour for four weeks. Those people will make you better writers. This isn’t gonna make you a better writer.

This is just gonna make an AI make it much, much harder for new writers to break in, because when new writers enter, they probably are functioning around the level of the AI that they just trained. It’s just making it harder for all of us. It’s going to ultimately deplenish the farm system of writers that rise up from the bottom, up through the ranks, as they learn and gain experience. I just hate it. I hate it.

John: Yeah. I agree with most of your points. The start of what you said is that writers who would go for this thing are probably not at the level where they need to be as writers. I would just say that I know so many folks who are actually genuinely terrific writers and fantastic and have done great things and can do great things, who at this moment are not employed. That’s always gonna be these people, but it feels especially now those people are struggling. I can understand why this is attractive for them, and it feels time better spent than doing other non-industry kinds of jobs. But your point about this is training your replacement and the ick of that is real. It’s tangible.

Craig: This isn’t gonna get you health benefits. This isn’t going to fill your year, or even more than a month. I would sooner, personally, apply for a Good and Welfare loan from the Writers Guild, which are available to members, because they’re saying, “We want Writers Guild members.” If you’re a Writers Guild member, you can apply for a loan. The Guild has an enormous amount of financial resource for that.

John: Last week, we talked about that. We had Betsy Thomas on talking through that.

Craig: There you go. To me, that is vastly more honorable than this. This is one of those things where, with empathy, I can still say there are certain jobs… Look. If you’re struggling to find work in your chosen field, and someone says, “Hey, I’ll give you $1,000 to murder to somebody,” the answer, of course, is no. Now, somewhere on there, once we decide, okay, there are certain value judgments that will overrule these things, then the question is where does this exist on that continuum.

I find this to be toxic to the soil that grows us all. I just would urge people to not do it. It doesn’t threaten me. It’s threatening the new people. It’s threatening younger writers, newer writers. It’s just Silicon Valley being shitty again.

I hate the language that they’re using. These weasel words are horrifying to me. “By working together, we can better align AI models with human values.” Whose human values? Which values? “And develop more helpful, honest, and harmless… ” More harmless? Harmless is binary. What does that mean? What they’re really saying is develop less harmful. They’re giving it away. Heed the words. Do not do this.

John: Let’s move on to our marquee topic here. I want to talk about bad movies. What prompted this was, twice in this past month, I found myself in a movie theater watching a movie I did not enjoy.

The first case, it was not a movie that I intentionally set out to see. I went to the theater to see one movie, and they’d cancelled that screening, because they gave the screen to Deadpool and Wolverine. Good job, Deadpool and Wolverine, but I really wanted to see this one movie. I couldn’t see the movie I intended to see, so instead, I saw this other movie that was out in theaters. In the second case, I went with friends to see a movie that is doing great at the box office. Happy for its success. I just did not like it. I just did not care for it at all.

In both cases, I guess I could’ve walked out. When I went to the movie by myself, of course I could’ve left. When I went to the movie with friends, there’s a social pressure to stay. But I wanted to reflect on what I actually learned from watching a bad movie, because it’s two hours of your time that you could be doing other things. But I actually found those two hours useful, because in a weird way, I stopped watching the movie for the story. Because the movie wasn’t working for me, I could actually just notice all the other things that I was seeing on screen and the points that weren’t working. I actually could take some mental notes about like, “Yeah, that never works,” or, “Let me make sure I never do these things.” I want to talk about some bad movies for a bit.

Craig: You said something interesting there, which is, it’s a movie that’s doing well at the box office, that other people like. The question is, as you said – maybe I would rephrase it. Rather than, okay, what do I get out of watching this bad movie that’s bad for me, and rather, why isn’t this working for me? Because what it helps define is your own taste, which sometimes is just as valuable as saying, “Okay, I didn’t like that. I don’t like that. I think that was fake. That doesn’t make sense. Where’s the logic in that?” But really, sometimes you can just say, “What’s different about me from the people that like this?” That helps you write towards something, which is super helpful.

John: It’s a chance to ask the question, why isn’t this working for me? As you hear laughter from people around you, people who are genuinely enjoying the movie, it’s like, okay, what are they seeing that I’m not seeing? What is it about my taste or my reaction to this movie that is just different from everyone else around me? What can I learn from that? What are the specific things? That moment which everyone thought was hilarious, I rolled my eyes at. Is it just the nature of the joke? Is it how the setup is working? Did I just fall off the train of the movie and just start despising everything I saw because something broke for me?

We often talk on the show about how when you first sit down to watch a movie, those first 5, 10 minutes, generally just go with it. Whatever you’re showing me, I take it at face value. I’ve signed a little social contract. I’m gonna give you all of my attention, as long as you don’t waste my attention. I’m here for the ride. Then some movies, you fall off that. You feel like they’ve broken that trust between you, and it’s very hard to get back into the movie. You’re able to watch the movie for like, oh, these things. I’m able to suddenly see cuts. I’m just noticing the filmmaking and not really paying attention to the story at a certain point.

Craig: That right there is a really interesting indicator of taste, because I’ve noticed for myself, as I direct more and as I work with lots of different directors on my show, that one of the things that is true about my taste – doesn’t mean it’s right or wrong, it’s just individual me – is that I tend to not appreciate when I can feel directing happening. Unless it’s the beginning or end of an episode, or the beginning or end of a movie – where you don’t mind a soaring camera or a sneaky move – flashy things or things where it’s evident that a shot is happening, they tend to bother me, because my taste is to want to be completely immersed in the people. One of the things I know about me is that when I watch movies, I am all in on people and relationships.

The first time I saw Goodfellas, for instance, I was just in love. And I still am to this day. I don’t care how many times I see it. But I didn’t even notice that there was this long tracking shot where Ray Liotta is going through the nightclub with Lorraine Bracco, because all I cared about was what he was saying. The voiceover there was so fascinating and so indicative of why he chose the life he chose, that I didn’t even notice the fact that there was this incredibly difficult-to-pull-off tracking shot, especially in the ’90s, back then. It’s a little easier now. So that’s me. That’s an interesting taste thing I’ve noticed about myself.

As I approach writing, I often ask myself, hey, am I writing in some cool shot here to be cool, or is it purposeful? Is there a reason? That’s something that things that I don’t like have taught me. Obviously, I love Goodfellas, but there are times where cameras go whipping around. I’m like, “Oh my goodness, where is this camera? Who is this camera? What’s happening here?”

John: I would say my early reaction to Wes Anderson films, I liked Bottle Rocket, but I didn’t like many of the films after that point, because I feel like every moment was like, “Look at me direct.” It was just so presentational at all times. At a certain point, a little switch clicked, and it was like, oh, I get what he’s doing. I like what he’s doing. I’ve come to accept it.

Some of that is the way we approach genres and filmmakers. We come in with a certain set of expectations. As long as those expectations are met and we know what we’re gonna get, we’re okay.

I think about this with – I was hearing this podcast was talking through Deadpool and Wolverine. One of their viewers said, “This is all prefaced on the fact that I can’t stand Ryan Reynolds.” I think it’s good you said that, but also, it’s really hard to sit down in a movie theater and watch this movie if you don’t like Ryan Reynolds and what he does, because the movie is all Ryan Reynolds.

Craig: That’s so weird. Let me just preface this review of this hamburger shop by saying I hate hamburgers. I don’t care then what you think. The only thing to say after, “Let me preface this by saying I don’t like Ryan Reynolds,” is, “Therefore I didn’t go,” or, “I went, but I’m not gonna write a review. Who cares what I think? I’m not useful to you.” If you don’t like Ryan Reynolds, you weren’t going; and if you do, you probably were.

John: You also hear people like, “I hate horror movies.” When people talk about a genre, I think it’s always worth digging a little bit deeper, because what is it about horror movies that you don’t like? What do you actually define as a horror movie? Does it include any thriller? Is it anything with suspense? Is it gore? What are the specific things you don’t like?

My husband, Mike, he’s very specific. He doesn’t like scary movies that take place in realistic situations. He’s fine watching Aliens, because Aliens is never gonna happen to him, but he doesn’t want to see anything that’s like a home invasion thriller. That’s not a thing he’s gonna watch.

Craig: Because he doesn’t like the feeling of being scared. I don’t like the feeling of falling, so I don’t like roller coasters. I am not a good person to review a roller coaster.

You also said something really smart. So much of this has to do with our either expectations or what I would call familiarity. Wes Anderson is very specific. The way he makes movies is unique to him. Nobody else makes Wes Anderson films, as far as I can tell.

John: I’ll also add, if someone did use some of those same techniques, it’s like, “That’s a Wes Anderson thing.” Anyone who tries to ape his style, we recognize the symmetry, the thing he’s doing. He’s doing a Wes Anderson thing.

Craig: It’s really specific to him. Bottle Rocket was his first film, I believe, and so he’s just beginning to become Wes Anderson. But when he gets into full Wes Anderson mode, finally, the first time you get there, you’re not familiar with it. And I think it’s perfectly appropriate to go, “What the hell is this?” But once you become familiar with it, then it’s just different. Our minds are anchored in a completely different place. We are now receptive, because we know. We’re not walking in going, “What the hell is this?” We’re walking in going, “This is going to be like this. Now, what’s going to happen in it?” I think that’s important.

I remember the first time I saw Fight Club, I struggled with it. The second time I saw Fight Club, I fell in love with it, because I knew what was going on. It was weird. It was almost like the problem with that movie was the twist came too late for me, because everything before it, I was going, “Why? Why?” I spent so much time going, “Huh? Why?” Then the second time I saw it, I could settle in and be like, “I love this.” It was a question of familiarity.

John: Yeah. Let’s say you’re sitting down at a movie and you’re not enjoying it and you’re staring at the screen. Some questions I think that are worth asking, because if you’re not enjoying the movie, you can ask yourself these questions. What is it about the story that’s not clicking for you? Are you clear who the hero is and what they want? We talk about hero motivation so much, but if you don’t know what they’re actually going for, why they’re doing the things they’re doing, you’re gonna fall off the ride.

Do you believe in the setup? Do you believe the world? Do you believe the rules? Do you believe the supporting characters around that hero? Do you buy this as a story concept, as a group of people who are here together in this specific cinematic universe? So often on the podcast, we’ve talked about mystery versus confusion. Are you confused in a bad way? Are you confused in a way that does not spark your curiosity but just becomes annoying?

Do you want to know more about the backstory? Do you want to know more about motivations? Do you care what happens next? If you don’t answer those questions yes, then something didn’t click for you there. It’s worth asking what more could’ve happened that might’ve gotten you on that ride or gotten you to stay on that ride.

Craig: This is why I wish more film and television critics would just disclose their tase. When you go to read their review, there’s just a little profile that says, “Here are the things that I love, and here are the things that are not that important to me.” Some people are logic Nazis. Some people only care about the relationships and the human beings and the truth of the drama. Some people love spectacle. Some people love being cinematically challenged, like Wes Anderson might do to you. Some people love being confused, and some people loathe it. Disclose all of that, because the truth is…

The point of this show, what we do here, is to help people become the best writer they can be. There’s no such thing as be good writer. That’s not a thing. You be the best writer you can be. One of the ways is to find the movies you love, figure out why you love them, and write towards those. But when you do see things you don’t like, figure out why, then stop beating up the movie, and start thinking about how that educates you about your own priorities and taste. And then lean into that.

There are so many people that like slasher films, for instance. They don’t just like them. They love them. They’re passionate about it. There are magazines dedicated to it. The great Fangoria. Movies that involve lots of blood and gore and slicing and crying and sadism and ripping of flesh. I don’t. I don’t.

John: I don’t either. But I would say that’s the same thing as a Wes Anderson. It does not work for me. I don’t have the exposure, the history to it, so I can’t appreciate a good one versus a bad one.

Craig: Right. It’s like drugs. There are some drugs that… You’re not a big drug guy. But if I laid out all of the kinds of drugs there are and we went through a John August month of just each day we hit you with a drug, I guarantee you – everything from alcohol to nicotine to LSD to fentanyl, literally everything – there are gonna be at least one or two drugs that you go, “Oh, I sure did like that.” And there are gonna be a whole bunch of them you’re like, “Nope, don’t want that again.”

John: Never again.

Craig: The “never again” drugs are some people’s lifelong addictions. And the drugs you love and you be like, “Oh, I gotta stay away from that,” are things other people detest. The concept of criticism, I think, would be helped tremendously if critics disclosed the things they just hated and loved before they ever showed up. That would be helpful. If they really do hate what is at the heart of something, maybe don’t write the review of it.

John: I think so. You’re sitting in the theater, and you’ve given up on the film. You’ve given up on trying to like this movie. Some suggestions for what to do next. Be thinking about how much of what is not working could be pinned on the script, in terms of the story. Obviously, you don’t have the script in front of you. But does it feel like these are fundamental story issues that are in the way? Is it the filmmaking? Is it the choices the director’s making? Is it a choice of how the music is working, how the shots are put together? Is it the casting? Is it just the wrong person in that role? Those are all fair questions to ask and investigate along the way.

But while you’re doing that, I would also say keep an eye out for things that actually do work, because even in these two movies I watched, there were things I actually genuinely liked about them, things like the score or the setting.

I recently went back and rewatched Grumpy Old Men, which I didn’t love on the rewatch, but one of the things I really appreciated is it was snowy and it was real snow. It was real snow in a way that I’ve not seen in movies in 30 years. I really felt just dirty, actual snow, which I liked a lot. It felt cold, which was great. I remember watching the Amityville Horror remake. I did not like the movie very much, but I really thought Ryan Reynolds was great in it. That’s why I cast him in my movie.

There can be really good things in movies that don’t otherwise work. That is something to always keep in mind as you’re watching a film that is not clicking for you.

Craig: Yeah, without question. That is helpful. I’ve always made a point of saying hey, let’s just talk about the things you love. On this show and nowhere else online will I ever say I don’t like this or I don’t like that. I just don’t do it, A, because I’m part of a siblinghood of writers who hopefully help each other rather than tear each other down, but also because I’ve always felt intrinsically that talking about the things you love helps make you better.

But I agree with you that there is value here, at least, in figuring out why you didn’t like something. Rather than working it out as, “Hey, everyone, stop liking the thing I don’t like,” which is the worst and stupid and ignorant of the human condition, just allow that you… Look. I don’t like mayonnaise. I hate mayonnaise.

John: Yeah, you really do. This is the true fact.

Craig: There’s a world of cuisine built around mayonnaise. It makes me crazy. But what I don’t do is sit there at a restaurant and say, “No mayo, please. Also, can you just stop making things with mayo, because mayo is bad.” That would be stupid.

John: Yeah. You don’t let people lecture you, say, “No, Craig, if you actually tried mayo, if you tried aioli, you would love it.”

Craig: They do say that.

John: You’ve never had good mayo. That’s the whole reason.

Craig: I’ve heard that too. My favorite is aioli. I’m like, what? If you throw garlic in mayonnaise, it’s not mayonnaise anymore? Beat it.

John: It does actually apply to genres. People say, “Oh, no, you really need to watch this thing and then you’ll love the genre.” It’s like, probably not. Yes, there’s a 1 percent chance that’s gonna tip me over and I will suddenly love that whole way of making movies, but probably not. There’s many other movies and many other foods to enjoy.

Craig: Speaking of foods, Dan Weiss, of Game of Thrones fame, was having a conversation with me. We were talking about sushi. I love sushi. There are a couple things that I don’t love. I’m not a big salmon roe guy. I love masago, the little tiny roe, but I don’t love salmon.

John: I don’t like big roe, no salmon. I think it’s because going fishing, we would use salmon roe for fishing.

Craig: It’s a bit chummy then. I said I had tried uni once, sea urchin, and really, really just struggled to even get it down. Dan said, “Okay.” He did the thing. He goes, “The uni is binary. It’s either gonna be horrible and you’ll want to throw up, or if you have it someplace great, it’s transcendent.” He said, “If you’re at a great restaurant, just give it a try again.” I was at a great restaurant, and I tried it again, and it was horrible. I just don’t like it. But he got me. He got me with the whole, “Oh, if you try a good… ” I texted him, I think right then and there, and said, “You lied. You lied to me.”

John: He lied. He lied. Let’s see if we can answer some listener questions here.

Craig: I bet we can.

John: We’ll start with Stefan in Prague.

Drew: “How do you thread the needle when writing weirdos or characters that feel really off without making them feel artificial? What, if anything, changes when the character is the protagonist or a side character or the antagonist?”

John: I think a question I would start with is, is the character weird in the context of the film, in the context of the story? Would other people around that character say, oh, that’s a weirdo, or is just the world weird and it’s a character who makes sense within this weird world? Those are two different situations. It’s how the people around them are reacting that will cause us to have empathy, sympathy, relatability with that character, based on how everyone else is treating them.

Craig: Yeah. Stefan, the other advice I would give you is to go far more specific. Weirdo or off is such a broad concept. We use it all the time, but we’re not necessarily accountable to an audience when we’re describing somebody. But very typically, if you’re saying to somebody, “Oh my gosh. I went on a date, and I was with this guy. He was so weird,” the very next question the person you’re talking to will ask is, “How?”

John: What did they do specifically? Yes.

Craig: Yes. In what ways were they weird? Did they have verbal tics? Did they move physically stiffly? Did they not have the ability to make reasonable segues in conversation? Were they obsessive about one sort of thing? What was weird about them? Did they not blink? There are so many ways that we can feel offput by somebody.

It’s worth doing your research here and thinking, okay, when I think about weird or off, who am I actually thinking about in my head? Or am I thinking about a couple of different people? What about them? Go really specific. Do some research. Are you talking about neurodiversity? Are you talking about somebody with anger issues? What are you going for? Get really, really deep under the hood. The more you get under the hood, the more interesting and specific it will be, and certainly, the more realistic it will seem.

John: Absolutely. You think about the Pee-wee Herman character or Napoleon Dynamite, they are weirdos, and yet they’re specific to their world. They are the heroes, the centers of the story, because everything’s constructed to let them be the centers of the story. Think of all the characters in Wes Anderson movies. We were talking about Wes Anderson. Most of those are weirdos, and it works within the context of that movie. Again, it’s all about how these characters fit within the world that you created.

Craig: Exactly.

John: Next question comes from a Concerned Dad.

Drew: Concerned Dad writes, “My son is looking to hire a ghostwriter for an idea he has for a full-length movie screenplay. Neither my son nor I have experience in this. He has done some research and found this person, who has a website which he has shared with us. This person is listed on IMDb. He has sent a contract to my son. The price is $7,500 over 4 installments, each with a deliverable for a 100-page script. He also asks for 2 percent if the script is optioned or sold to a third party, as well as a co-writer credit, and that the client owns the rights and copyrights to the script. Do you have any thoughts or advice I could pass on to my son?”

John: I believe the person writing in with this letter, but I also kind of don’t believe it, because I’ve never actually heard of this existing in the real world, where someone commissions a screenplay for $7,500 where their name is taken off it. This is wild and crazy and does not make sense at all. Wait six months, Concerned Dad. You can just hire the Pareto.AI people to generate the screenplay for you and probably be cheaper than this.

This is weird and wrong and bad. There are no movies that are made that are done this way, where a ghostwriter wrote the screenplay and a different person has their name on it. Having an idea for a movie is not a thing. I think that’s part of what we’ve talked about on this podcast for 12 years. None of this feels right. You should not be sending money to these people.

Craig: Yeah. First of all, I just think as a writer, the idea of hiring a ghostwriter, it’s against my values, because writing is about authorship. It’s the purpose of it. I’m looking at the website that Concerned Dad has indicated for this ghostwriter. I don’t like it. I think it’s full of a lot of unverifiable boasting. Furthermore, if somebody is gonna write you an entire screenplay for-

John: $7,500.

Craig: Over four installments. $7,500 for a screenplay. Just to be clear, WGA scale minimum for an original screenplay, I think, is $100,000. You’re gonna get what you pay for. You’re gonna get something that I assume somebody just barfs out, for the cost of $7,500. He’s asking for a co-writer credit. That doesn’t even make sense, because this isn’t a WGA thing. Eventually, it just ends up as source material, and somebody else is gonna get writing credit at the WGA.

I don’t know what to say except this would be a huge waste of money, and you’re not doing your son any favors. If my kid came to me and said, “I have an idea for a movie. I’m looking to hire somebody to do it for me,” I would say, “We need to talk about values.”

John: I think the other thing you could say to your son is, “Congratulations, you’re a producer.” You’re a producer with an idea for a movie. You’re gonna go out and hire a writer. That is an actual, valid thing. Producers have ideas. They read a bunch of scripts. They hire a writer. They pay that writer to write a script for them. That is a thing that happens. But this ghostwriter thing is not a real thing.

Craig: No. “Congratulations, you want to be a producer.” How about go do the work that is required to function in this business. There are 14 billion people who want to be in Hollywood. Your son isn’t any different, except that he thinks that if he pays $7,500, he has this genius way of short-circuiting the whole thing. He does not. It will be bad. It will not work. Never in the history of Hollywood has some ghostwritten script for $7,500 ended up on screen and made somebody’s career. Even if it did, what would anyone need your son for? To hire the publicly advertising ghostwriter again? It just doesn’t make sense. So, no. No. No.

John: No.

Craig: No.

John: That’s Craig’s answer to a lot of the questions today.

Craig: Yes. But Concerned Dad, I will say, as a fellow dad, that concern, the reason you labeled yourself concerned, it means, A, you love your kid, which I love, and B, you have an instinct that should be heeded.

John: For sure.

Craig: Good on you, actually.

John: It is time for our One Cool Things. My One Cool Thing this week is the Pageant of the Masters. Craig, what do you know of the Pageant of the Masters?

Craig: Nothing.

John: Nothing. You watched Arrested Development, I’m sure. This was actually a joke on Arrested Development, where the family, the Bluths, were participating in what they called the Living Classics, which is where they would stage these great works of visual art, and they’d have to dress up like the people and recreate the frames of these master artworks. It’s a real thing.

The Pageant of the Masters happens in Laguna Beach once a year, for six weeks or so. For my birthday, we went down to Laguna Beach and we saw it. And it was actually kind of great. I was expecting it to be cheesy. There was some element of cheese to it, but it was also incredibly impressive.

You’re in the audience. It’s this outdoor amphitheater. There’s narration, which is actually really well written and really well delivered. There’s a full orchestra. But the curtains open, and it is a work of art, a painting. You’re looking at it like, “Oh, wait, those are some real people in there.” There are people who are dressed up in the costumes, with their faces painted to look like the brushstrokes of the people in there. You really have to look carefully to figure out, oh, that actually is a person in there and not something else.

You’re admiring it for, at most, a minute. The curtains close, and then very quickly, the curtains reopen again and it’s a completely different staged artwork. It’s not until maybe five or six of these reveals in does it actually show you – they don’t close the curtain. They actually show what happens behind the scenes.

Anybody who’s interested in stagecraft will be just blown away by how precise everything is. The picture frame has to change. There’s a quick change of the person who was wearing this one thing. Clothes get ripped off and they’re in a different thing. New sets are brought in behind them. It’s all just on rails to get it to happen so quickly. It was incredibly impressive.

The theme this year was the art of fashion, so they went back to Ancient Egypt but up to Alexander McQueen and the work of Edith Head, who developed Hitchcock’s movies. It was just really, really well done. If you happen to be on Laguna Beach and get a chance to see Pageant of the Masters this year or next year, I’d recommend it, because it was actually a much cooler thing than I was expecting.

Craig: That sounds actually pretty awesome. I’m looking at the list of the paintings. I would love to see The Last Supper with people.

John: The Last Supper was the final work of art in this year’s performance.

Craig: That’s what I’m seeing. As opposed to what people thought was The Last Supper in the opening ceremony for the Olympics, when it was not.

John: It was not. In the show notes, I’ll put a link to this Wall Street Journal video that shows how they do some of the work. This is some young children painted up like this work of art. The people you’re seeing on stage are volunteers. Good lord, that’s such a time commitment to do it. But I was really impressed by the professionalism of everything around it was off the charts.

Craig: That’s amazing. Well done, Pageant of the Masters.

John: Craig, do you have a One Cool Thing for us?

Craig: I do. I’m very, very late with this. I apologize to Dan Erickson, the creator, and to Ben Stiller and Aoife McArdle, the two primary directors of this show, or the only two directors of the show, but I finally watched Severance.

John: Holy cow, I loved it. Did you love it?

Craig: Loved it. I mean loved it. I finished it and I texted my agent and I said, “Who represents Dan Erickson? I need his contact. I just need to email him and just tell him how good this was for me, how much I loved it.” It’s one of my favorite things to do is just email someone and go, “I watched your thing. I loved it. Here’s why.”

It was so brilliantly done. The thing I loved about Severance is, the sci-fi high concept of it, which they exposited beautifully, could have led to 400,000 bad shows and maybe 1 good one. They did the good one. What I loved about it is that it ultimately prompted questions that were relevant to me, to all of us, not just about work and life and late-stage capitalism, all the easy stuff, but literally about who we are, what defines us. How important are our memories? How important is experience? If I split, is it still me? What is me? What responsibility do I have toward me? Who would I be if all the circumstances around me changed irrevocably and the other ones were wiped away from my memory? All of that stuff was so brilliantly done. The tone was so cool. I love the look of it.

John: Now, growing up in New Jersey, were you familiar with Holmdel, the exterior there for the big office building? Because that’s where my dad used to work.

Craig: Indeed, I was familiar with Holmdel and the exterior. It was an old AT&T building, I think, right?

John: That’s right. Bell Labs.

Craig: Bell Labs. Lovely brutalist kind of thing sitting there. The casting was brilliant. I loved how spare everything was. When you look, there’s almost nothing in there. I assume that that’s probably a lot of input from Ben Stiller, since he was directing the first few episodes and kind of sets the look, I imagine, along with Dan Erickson, to be so sparse.

I loved how they had a job that made no sense, but they told you it made no sense and explained why the characters were okay with it making no sense and promising that perhaps maybe it does make sense. The confusion versus mystery meter was perfectly pitched.

The most important thing, the thing that made my heart sing, was that in a world where television shows are constantly using the bait of mystery that they cannot actually pay off, this show paid it all off. When I say paid it off, I don’t mean they figured out a way for it to make sense later. It was clear that they knew from the start, everything they wanted to do, who everyone was, why everything was happening, and how it should come out. It was just masterfully done.

I don’t know how many people watch Severance, because it’s on Apple TV, and it’s not like there are ratings or anything, but I would encourage anyone who has not put in the time to put in the time. By the way, it’s not one of those things where it’s like, “You just gotta watch the first five episodes and then it gets good.” It’s good literally in the first second. It’s great.

John: It’s one of the shows you can definitely say watch the first episode. If you don’t like the first episode, you’re not gonna like the series. Then move on. That’s great. Some things will not be for everybody. But definitely, it’s the show it is from the very start, which I love about it.

You and I actually had the same experience, because I watched it while I had COVID, when I was stuck in Boston. You watched it more recently on COVID. We both had COVID brain as we were watching it. I don’t think that’s a prerequisite for loving it, but definitely, it was the same special time.

Craig: It focuses you. It focuses you, and it helps pass the time while you’re sitting there blowing your nose. I would just say again that everything is so beautifully thought through. The level of intelligence that went into the creation of the show, and the seamless direction, also, between Ben Stiller and Aoife McArdle. For me, at least, there was no seams. It was all beautifully done.

Congrats to Dan Erickson. Congrats to any of the writers on the show. I’m looking now to see who else was writing on it. Just so gorgeously done. There was Anna Ouyang Mench and Mohamad El Masri and Wei-Ning Yu and Chris Black and Andrew Colville and Kari Drake and Helen Leigh and Amanda Overton and Erin Wagoner. Congrats to everybody there. Oh, and Samuel Donovan also directed two episodes. Congrats to the crew that put it together. You could just tell it was put together with love. Huge tip of the hat also to Adam Scott, Zach Cherry, Britt Lower, and of course, the great John Turturro, not to mention Christopher Walken, all of whom sort of led things, and then Patricia Arquette, who just was so-

John: Great.

Craig: And Tramell Tillman. Oh my god, was he good.

John: Oh, yeah, he’s a star-maker.

Craig: Honestly, just top to bottom, wow. What else can I say? Couldn’t have loved it more.

John: That’s great. That is our show for this week.

Craig: Yay.

John: Scriptnotes is produced by Drew Marquardt.

Craig: What.

John: Edited by Matthew Chilelli.

Craig: Woo.

John: Our outro this week is by Pascui Rivas, and lord, it’s such a good outro. Man, you guys have just been topping yourselves. Thank you to everyone who sends through these outros. If you have one, you can send us a link to ask@johnaugust.com. That’s also the place where you can send questions like the ones we answered today. Y

ou will find the show notes for this episode and all episodes at johnaugust.com. That’s also where you’ll find the transcripts and sign up for our weekly newsletter called Inneresting, which has lots of links to things about writing. We have T-shirts and hoodies and drinkware now and hats. They’re all great. You’ll find those at Cotton Bureau.

You can sign up to become a Premium member at scriptnotes.net, where you get all those back-episodes and Bonus Segments, like the one we’re about to record on when it’s okay to bail on a thing, which is not an excuse to get rid of Craig, I promise. Craig, thanks for being here. Good to have you back.

Craig: Good to be back.

[Bonus Segment]

John: In the main show, we talked about you’re sitting in a movie theater, and you actually have the choice, you could leave the movie theater. Rarely will I do it, but sometimes I’ve done it. But I want to talk about when you can bail on a book or a play, a friendship, a relationship, a marriage.

Let’s start with books. Craig, if you start reading a book, how much of a book do you feel like you need to read before it’s just not for you and you’re setting it down and never picking it up again?

Craig: It’s gotten shorter over time. I think it wasn’t that I was more patient. I just simply had broader taste. It was just more accepting. I have become less accepting. I feel like if I’m gonna read something, I want it to be great. For me, it’s not really a question of pages. It’s just like once I get to a spot where I go, “This is just not enjoyable. I’m not looking forward to turning the page,” it’s over.

John: Yeah. There’s no sense of having to honor that commitment and finish a thing. I’m better about setting down books. Honestly, Mike and I – Mike more so than I am – we’re both a little bit stubborn about continuing to watch a show that we’ve stopped enjoying. Something that we really enjoy the first season, the second season, if we’re in the third season, we’ll probably stick with it, even if we’re not loving it. Some of it’s inertia. Some of it’s hoping it’ll get back to its good form. But we’ve definitely stuck it out through bad final seasons of shows. Craig, do you stick with a show if it’s not working in later seasons?

Craig: No. No, I don’t. Maybe because I make a television show and I’ve made movies, there’s something about movies and television shows where I just… At least with a movie, it’s like, meh. Look. Unless we’re talking about some three-and-a-half-hour behemoth, it’s gonna be a couple hours of my life. It’ll end. I’ve walked out of two movies in my life, because it just feels like, meh, distress tolerance. You’ll make it through. But television shows, now I have to actively go and keep watching.

I won’t say what the series was, but it was a very supergenre, very popcorny, fun television show that I watched the first two seasons of, and then the third season came around and I was like, “I’m done.”

John: We’ve been talking about works of art, but let’s talk about in the real world and relationships. Friendships that you’ve decided to bail on. I can think of a couple. There’s natural stages of your life where you have friends who are specific to that stage of life, and as you move past that stage of life, you have to decide, are they gonna come with me, or are they gonna stay back there? There are friends from high school who I wish them well, but they’re not my friends now; friends from college, the same way.

But there’s also some people who I’ve just had to make deliberate choices, like, “You know what? I think I’m not gonna continue this friendship.” I always feel weird about it. Also, it feels like, do I acknowledge to that person that I’m not continuing the friendship, or do I just let it fade away and let things go longer between the texts?

Craig: As we get older, it seems less and less reasonable to force yourself to spend time with people you don’t enjoy or people who actively are upsetting you, because you’re running out of life. When you’re in your 20s, it’s like, whatever, who cares? We’re entering the “ain’t nobody got time for that” phase of our lives.

I’ve never really said, “Dear so-and-so, it’s over.” You just put a little less effort in. Look. The truth is, I’m not so proud as to imagine the people on the other end are like, “He seems like he’s putting less effort in.” I think they have plenty of other people that they’re… If it’s not working for me, it’s probably not working that much for them either.

But mostly, the friends I have that I really care about, I care about. I’m more of a focus on the people I really like person, as opposed to a, “I go and move with lots of different people every weekend. I go here and there with this group and this group and this group.” I don’t have that kind of social battery anyway.

I don’t really recall having to actually push the eject button specifically on a person. But I would say certainly if you’re not enjoying someone’s company, just remove yourself.

John: It is interesting. There was a person who was a friend for a good number of years and things fell off. Moving to France was actually a pretty clear demarcation of who’d I get back in touch with after I moved back from France and who I did not. But when I saw this person got married this last week – there was a Facebook post that Mike shared, like, “They got married.” I was like, “Oh, wow. That’s so weird.” I was trying to fill in all the details from what must’ve happened between the last time I saw them and now.

It was just a reminder that time marches on for everybody. Just because someone’s not in your sight right now, they’re still off living their own lives. There’s a whole bunch of stuff that I missed.

Craig: Thank God for that. I’m one of those people that, if somebody asked me, “Would you prefer that people be thinking about you or not thinking about you?” I am 100 percent in the I would prefer they are not thinking about me category. Go think about other stuff, and I’ll see you when I see you.

John: It’s a strange thing. There are friends who I think about, and it never really occurs to me they must be thinking about me too. I don’t know. I’m sure they are.

Craig: It’s possible. I like to live in a fantasy that – like babies don’t have object permanence – when I’m with somebody, we’re being friends, and then when we go away, they’re not really there.

John: I would also say with friendship, having regular times when you’re going to meet is so crucial for this. I definitely have friends, who are longtime friends, who I haven’t seen them for a year, you could pick right back up and everything’s fine. But also, the fact that I see you guys every week for D&D, the fact that we’re on a Zoom for this, those regularly scheduled things are important. It reminds me of why bowling leagues and church and other things like that are so crucial for maintaining and strengthening friendships.

Craig: Yeah, especially for men. They’ve done all these studies. As men grow older, they just stop having friends. They just end up being friends with their spouse, and that’s it.

John: A lot of work for them.

Craig: Then their work, quote unquote, friends. But they don’t have their own friends. I saw this happen with my dad. They begin to get isolated and detached from the world around them and stubborn and cranky. Because I don’t go to church, and because, generally speaking, I hate anything organized with people – any time I’m part of anything that even vaguely resembles a mob, I start to get very sweaty. But the fact that we do have this ongoing D&D game, and that I have a couple other groups that I play D&D with here and there, is like that’s my church. That’s where all these friends come from.

Then on top of that, honestly, because of a bunch of online things that have since withered away in importance, I know a lot of writers that do what we do, and I have a lot of friends that do what we do. We meet up and we hang out and we have a drink. We go out to dinner. We know each other’s spouses and things. Those things are wonderful. I’m just very grateful. My wife has 4 million friends.

John: I’ll see them over at your house, and I’m like, “Oh, yeah, another Melissa friend.”

Craig: It’s insane. But I have, I don’t know, like 20. I have a decent amount of friends, and I love seeing them. I’m just very grateful that even though I go and I disappear for a year to go do something, a bunch of them are also disappearing for a year to go do something. We’re all in that world. When we’re back together, we’re back together, and it feels great.

John: Craig, it’s always great to be back together with you.

Craig: Aw. Segue man.

John: Thanks for another fun show.

Craig: Thank you.

Links:

  • WGAW Good and Welfare Emergency Assistance Loans
  • AI Screenwriter job posting
  • Pageant of the Masters
  • Pageant of the Masters Brings Art to Life from the Wall Street Journal on YouTube
  • Arrested Development – The Living Classics
  • Severance on Apple TV+
  • Get a Scriptnotes T-shirt!
  • Check out the Inneresting Newsletter
  • Gift a Scriptnotes Subscription or treat yourself to a premium subscription!
  • Craig Mazin on Threads and Instagram
  • John August on Threads, Instagram, Twitter and Mastodon
  • Outro by Pascui Rivas (send us yours!)
  • Scriptnotes is produced by Drew Marquardt and edited by Matthew Chilelli.

Email us at ask@johnaugust.com

You can download the episode here.

Scriptnotes, Episode 653: Multi-Cam Comedies and WGA Dollars, Transcript

October 7, 2024 Scriptnotes Transcript

The original post for this episode can be found here.

John August: Hello and welcome. My name is John August, and you’re listening to Episode 653 of Scriptnotes, a podcast about screenwriting and things that are interesting to screenwriters.

Today on the show, we discuss a giant area of television writing we’ve barely covered over the 12 years of our program, which is multi-camera sitcoms, from Seinfeld to Friends to most of the Disney channel programs. These were the shows we grew up watching, and they still account for a sizable portion of the writing happening today. We’ll also look at the WGA’s Annual Report, which, gasp, shows that writer income was down for the years, for reasons we can’t possibly imagine. So we’ll try to get to the bottom of that.

To help us through all this, let’s welcome a writer-producer-director whose credits range from My So-Called Life to My Boys to The Carmichael Show to Superstore. She’s also the secretary treasurer of the Writers Guild of America West. Welcome to the incredible Betsy Thomas.

Betsy Thomas: Oh, John. Wish you’d follow me around and just do that all the time.

John: Absolutely. I’m your hype man.

Betsy: That was fantastic.

John: The first time we met – I think it was the first time we met – you had reached out to me, emailed me or called me, to say, “Hey, can we talk about me running for the board?” We had a drink. We talked through stuff. And I’m so happy you decided to run for the board.

Betsy: I am, most of the time. But yes, that was really fun. We had a drink, and then I was like, “Oh.” Then later, I was like, “Oh, you made an exception for me.” I was like, “Oh, I feel flattered.”

John: It was a Friday afternoon, so it was, “Let’s have a martini,” but I’m not generally a “let’s have a martini-”

Betsy: I know. I learned that later.

John: You can hear that laughter off to the side. That is Megana Rao, who is joining us this week.

Megana Rao: Hi.

John: Hi. Drew and Craig are both out this week. Thank you so much for stepping in.

Megana: Of course. I’m excited to be here.

John: Very relevant, because you’ve just been reading a bunch of multi-cam scripts, right?

Megana: Yes, I have. I am working my way through all the seasons of Cheers through the scripts that I can find in pdf form online.

Betsy: Wow.

Megana: Which is not intentional, but I just started reading the pilot, and I was like, “Oh, this is fun.”

Betsy: It’s very cool that you’re doing that. I hope they survive long enough that you can work your way.

John: We’re gonna talk about multi-cams, but in our Bonus Segment I’d love to talk to you about golf, because you are a golfer, and Megana and I know nothing about golf. I’m speaking for both of us. You don’t know much about golf?

Megana: I don’t know much about golf, despite my father’s best efforts.

John: Very nice. Your father golfed, but you do not golf?

Megana: Correct.

John: Have you ever golfed?

Megana: Yes, I’ve golfed with my dad a lot.

John: Only people who subscribe to the Premium membership will actually-

Megana: Get to hear [crosstalk 02:30] stories.

John: … get to hear all about Megana golfing. Before we get to that, let’s talk about some news. Deadpool and Wolverine opened this past weekend. It made a bazillion dollars. It was really good for movies to succeed. I’m just really happy when things are working. Overall, the box office is down a little bit from last year, but we also have a lot more movies that are still in the pipe coming out. I feel pretty good about it. I see you nodding your head.

Betsy: It’s great. It’s incredibly exciting. I hope this continues. It sure seems dumb that they had that five-and-a-half-month break where people couldn’t do any promo, and they decided to delay all the releases. That seemed like a real waste of momentum.

John: Yeah, it does seem like a bit of that. Deadpool and Wolverine was a movie that famously did have to stop shooting because of the actors strike. That pulled all the people away, which was a hassle for them, because there’s a ton of cameos in that movie, and all those people having to be rescheduled. As the actors strike was going on, I just felt like how they get out of this and how does that movie specifically pull all of its cameo people back in to do those shoots, the logistical nightmare of that seems crazy.

Betsy: Yeah, that’s hats off to the line producer.

John: Yeah, absolutely. Combat pay for them. More big movies coming out. I just want to celebrate when there is good news, because so often we see, oh, numbers are down. It’s like, numbers are actually doing pretty well.

Betsy: Yeah, it’s great. I think we should celebrate all good news all the time.

John: 100 percent. That’s my goal for 2024 into 2025 is celebrate the wins. Let’s do some follow-up. We talked last week about listener who had concerns – he’s part of a writing team. He said, “Oh, the WGA said the gains for writing teams that was not really the gains for writing teams.” We were like, “No, you misread it.” But Megana, could you help us out with some more follow-up we got this week?

Megana: Yes. Chris wrote in and said, “I wanted to reach out and respond to the conversation you had in this week’s episode about the gains in the WGA made for writing teams in the 2023 MBA. In addition to now having pension and health caps applied to each writer instead of the project, which as a screenwriter on a team I think is hugely impactful, we also won that writing teams making the weekly minimum on a TV show will now each receive P and H contributions on the full weekly minimum, not just the half they each take home. My writing partner and I mainly work in features, but I have to imagine this is a substantial win for early career TV writing teams, so I figured it was worth making sure people know about it.”

Betsy: It’s not just early career. Everyone’s getting the contributions based on minimums in television, so it’s huge. My husband has been mostly in a writing team. I’m writing right now a pilot for ABC. Even though we’re not writing partners, we’re a team. We’re co-writing it. So it’s huge to get those full contributions.

John: Yeah, it does really matter. A lot of the gains in the contract this year really did, I think, focus on people who are at that pivotal breakpoint. Script fees for staff writers is a huge win, and making sure that we outsize increases for people who are at that first rung of the ladder, to make sure they can make it to the second rung of the ladder.

Betsy: Yes. The script fees, that is just so huge. It’s something that I have to say. John, you were there when we got that. It was such a thrill, because it’s something we’d fought for for so long. After a certain point, you’re like, “Is that ever gonna happen?” So it was really exciting.

John: Yeah, it really was. Another thing we’ve been talking about on the podcast is about locked pages and colored revisions. I’m curious what your take is, because you work largely in multi-cam – uses the same color cycle, uses the same things. A thing we’ve been discussing is that, particularly for one-hour dramas, like what Craig is doing, they’re not using printed scripts anymore at all, and so this whole notion of colored revisions and locked pages maybe doesn’t make sense.

We’re proposing, what if we just got rid of it and just started numbering stuff and doing it that way? We asked for feedback, and man have we gotten a lot of feedback. Megana, can you help us out with the two things we got this week?

Megana: Yes. I’ll start with Megan, who’s a script coordinator. She writes, “I work as a writer and script coordinator. I wouldn’t say I like locked pages, but once you hit production, I find them useful. One big reason is communication across departments. If a scene is seven pages and I need to talk to another department to quickly resolve an issue, being able to identify the exact page is helpful. And anecdotally, I know art department folks who also write notes in the margins. When a new script is published, being able to know it’s only this one page changing, versus figuring out where in a scene the change is, is helpful to them in transferring those notes.”

John: I get that to a degree. We’re not proposing that you throw out starred revisions. I think starred revisions should be doing that job. The hope is that you can see what’s changed on the page or has changed in the scene, because there’s a star that says this is something new, something to pay attention to. Betsy, what’s your first instinct there?

Betsy: I’ll say in multi-cam, a lot of times you’re just fixing a joke. I think in a half hour in general, if it’s just like, oh, we did a punch-up pass and so there’s eight new jokes, then releasing an entire new script doesn’t make a lot of sense, just because I think a lot of people do still use paper. I don’t. But I think some of the actors do. They just grab the – for the scene. Sometimes in those cases, I think locked pages make sense, because now you’re only delivering 4 pages, 8 pages to the stage, not an entire 32, 35 pages.

John: But in the case of a multi-cam comedy, let’s say there are four new jokes. What if that joke caused page breaks to change, and so you have A and B pages? Is that a hassle in multi-cam? It doesn’t matter?

Betsy: Not really. To me, it’s all wasted paper. I’ll go with the flow on anything. But I do think that it feels like there are more changes in multi-cam than there are in single-cam in general, because oftentimes in multi-cam, the script is changing every single night at such a significant rate that it’s a whole new script anyway. It doesn’t really matter.

John: The thing we’ve been speculating about, at a certain point paper’s just not the best way to capture what the current state of the script is, and so maybe people should just be looking at basically the iPad, where we’re all looking at one source of truth, because that’s what they do actually on late-night variety shows. There’s not a printed thing anymore. They’re all looking at one central, shared document, and that’s what they’re generating the run of the show off of. They’re using things like Scripto to do that.

Betsy: Look, I think it’d be great if we all got away from paper. I listened to that, and I agree. I think getting away from paper and just having a few small ones, I think it’s great. As I said, I don’t use paper anymore when I direct, and I certainly won’t when I’m working on staff. I would much prefer to have this.

But it is true, I think, that still the habit is – and this is true, again, back to multi-cam, because you have a table read and then a run-through and then a run-through – you’re watching the run-through and you’re making notes on the script, your joke pitches, whatever. The same thing on show night; you’re down there with your scripts, and you’re pitching on jokes the whole time through the show. That you can do electronically, obviously, but it’s far easier to just do it on the page.

John: We have one more bit of follow-up on that.

Megana: Sandrine, an AD, writes, “The main reason for keeping locked pages is because of breakdowns. ADs make stripboards that list what scenes will be shot each day, but department heads also make breakdowns of their particular elements, particularly props, art department, and costumes. As writers, directors, and actors, we care that Larry’s motivation changed, but props just wants to know whether or not he’s still throwing the pillow on Page 37. Costumes wants to know if he’s still wearing day 2 nightclothes even though it’s day 3 morning. Those breakdowns are always by scene, but depending on how people organize, can also use page numbers. If new pages don’t impact them, departments will often just keep working with their original script.

“Scene changes as colored pages is much more straightforward than starred revisions. If I get new pages at 11:00 p.m. and have to send off sides to actors, there’s no confusion when sending pink pages versus having to confirm that draft if it only has revision marks. With how quickly things move, particularly the micro-exchanges that happen throughout the production department and with the others, that we work really hard to shield for director and producers, that small detail of clarity can make all the difference.”

John: I welcome Sandrine’s points here. I think one of the things I would stress is that we can’t just stop doing it and not replace it with something that actually takes care of the issues. I think locked pages and colored revisions are a solution that was probably a very smart decision solution for when we first needed to do this. I just feel like there’s probably a better way we could do it now, and I don’t want our inertia to keep us from trying these things.

Betsy: Also, if you use one of those programs, you can download the starred revision. It goes right in your script. You see what’s starred. It lets you know it’s new. It’s not that hard.

John: Absolutely. Some of the software’s already there. Let’s get to one of our two main topics here. The Annual Report from the WGA is out. Over the years, Craig and I have looked at the Annual Report as it’s been published to see where trends are, what’s happening. But Betsy, I don’t think all the guilds do the kind of Annual Report we do. I don’t see the same thing coming out of DGA or SAG or any of the other places. We’re very transparent about the number of people working, how it’s all going, our finances. That’s always been the tradition as long as I’ve been in the field.

Betsy: Yeah, we always are. I think the others have to. I think their membership may not be as-

John: As engaged?

Betsy: Yeah. Writers like to look for the drama and the mystery and the intrigue.

John: Most years, I would say there’s not a lot of mystery and intrigue and drama. As we’ve gone through this, things are growing, because streaming’s growing, or the number of feature writer jobs is decreasing, because that’s just a thing that happened. But this year, there actually is bigger news.

The top line is that a total of 5,501 writers reported employment in all work areas in 2023, which is a 19.5 decline from 2022. The total writer earnings, reported for dues purposes, declined 31.8 percent, to 1.29 billion dollars.

We should say right from the start here, that clause “for dues purposes” is doing a lot of work there, because particularly in television, writers also get producer fees that are not included in the dues process. The total amount that writers in this industry are bringing in is a lot more than 1.2 million dollars, but the 1.29 is how much gets reported to the Guild.

Betsy: Yes, that’s true. Also, did you hear that we were on strike?

John: Yeah. Absolutely. Some of the blowback has been like, “Oh my god, can you see they were down 31.8 percent?” We were on strike for five months, which is 41 percent of the year no one was working, and then there was a SAG strike afterwards. So it’s not a huge surprise that writer income was down.

Betsy: There was already a contraction. I think a lot of people were saying, oh, people are scared because of a potential strike. No, there was a natural – the contraction that we’re feeling now had already begun. I remember I had pitches to take out, and they’re like, “We don’t want to take it out yet, because nobody’s buying.” That had already started. We saw this as a reflection, by the way, in our Strike Fund Loan applications and whatnot.

There were a lot of people that had not been working since 2022 already. My last job was in November of 2022. Then we came back, but the actors didn’t. There was a lot of concern about production and not wanting to maybe start production until after January 1st. The above-scale fees that television writers make, they weren’t getting.

John: A thing we should also notice is that every year this report gets published ,and you see these numbers, and the numbers go up the next time it’s reported, because basically money comes in late. This is only a reflection of the amount of money that came in. If you go back to the ’22 Financial Report, it showed a 6.1 percent decline in earnings, but when they actually did the recalculation, it was up .2 percent. Some of these numbers will actually improve a little bit over time, but it’s not gonna change the minus sign in front of the number. Clearly, writers brought in less money this last year.

Betsy: Yes. I did.

John: I did too. Funny, that. As did Megana. In the report – and we’ll put a link in the show notes to the pdf – it breaks it down by TV and by features. TV took a bigger hit, which kind of makes sense, because those are things that are constantly ongoing. For features, there are people who were writing features before the strike happened, and they delivered once they could get back to work, so it didn’t take as big of a hit. TV employment was down negative 35 percent, and feature employment was down 22 percent.

I think where I get frustrated is when people say, “Oh, look how much money was not earned. You’ll never earn that money back,” and so that the strike was useless, because you’re never gonna get that five months of employment back. It makes me want to strangle people over a screen, because everything we have as the Guild, our health plan, our residuals, everything, was because someone was willing to go on strike and get that for future generations.

Betsy: Completely, I hate that too. I have also been told, “This cost me $500,000.” If that’s how much money you’re making, you’re in good shape to be able to ride this strike out in a way that a lot of other people weren’t. I try to be Zen about it. There are people that think about others and understand that the strikes are not just about today, they’re actually about tomorrow, and so this will affect me to some degree, but it’s gonna affect the younger generation far more, hopefully.

John: Writers who are not even in the Guild yet. Writers who are still in high school are benefiting from this. It was during the strike, not only were you part of the negotiating committee, you also had to work with the Strike Fund, the Good and Welfare loans. And I bless you for that, Betsy, because that’s such tough work.

Betsy: Thank you.

John: You were constantly being confronted by folks who were greatly struggling because of – as you said, it wasn’t just the strike. They were struggling before the strike, and the strike made their lives even worse. Can you just talk us through what those two programs are and how it worked?

Betsy: The Strike Fund committee, which is made up of the membership of finance committee and then we added a couple more people because of the workload. There basically are two pots to take loans from. One is the Strike Fund loan. You have to be a current active member. That loan is available to people who have been directly impacted. Their work was stopped because of the strike. You apply for that loan, and then there’s a repayment schedule. It can recur. The Good and Welfare loan is actually available all the time.

John: It’s a fund that’s always there.

Betsy: It’s a fund that’s always there. It’s a lifetime maximum of $14,000. Once you reach that, you’ve capped. You can’t get more. That does not require your work being interrupted by the strike. This could just be you’re showing financial hardship. Generally, people go to Motion Picture, and then we get handed people from that. But in this case, it was such an overwhelming need, and also, Motion Picture was so overwhelmed.

John: We should explain Motion Picture Television Fund. That’s an overall umbrella organization that helps people in the film and television industry suffering hardship.

Betsy: They were handling so many loans for so many different people and from so many different unions that their backlog was… We just then started handling it directly so that people could have answers and money quicker.

John: Great. Good and Welfare runs all the time. Strike Fund was just for this. But important to note, it’s not that we’ve burned through all the Strike Fund. We helped a lot of people, but it’s not like we zeroed out. It’s not like we ran out of money.

Betsy: I think in total, I think we had 20 million dollars in the Strike Fund, and I think we gave out 6. Some people are like, “Why didn’t you empty it out?” Because if you empty it out, then we don’t have anything for another strike. What it takes to build that fund up… It is one of the powers we have is knowing that we have the ability to help people. The AMPTP knows that. Our ability to be able to help people and weather the storm was a lot of our leverage.

John: For sure. In addition to writer income that’s happening in the course of the year, the report also talks through residuals. Residuals are this godsend that we have, thanks to previous strikes. For folks who are brand new to all this, residuals are like royalties that writers get in the film and television industry.

In 2023, the WGA collected 598 million dollars in residuals, which is up 3.5 percent. Feature residuals were down 14.5 percent. Basically, we talk about this all the time. Home video is in a freefall. It’s nowhere near the market that it was before. But this year, even streaming and new media residuals were also down for features. That’s the one place of hope people always had for feature residuals, and those were down a bit too. Again, those numbers are likely to drift up a little bit as more stuff gets reported, but it’s good to get an overall sense of where we’re at with residuals.

Betsy: I do want to point out one thing. The total amounts collected in residuals and interest from 2022 to 2023 almost doubled. It almost doubled in 2023. That’s extraordinary. The fact that it then came down a little bit in 2024, obviously year to date, is not as alarming. I don’t think it was ever gonna keep up with that pace of doubling. Part of that was because there were so many shows that had been grandfathered in to the old rates, but then we got those gains in streaming in 2020, and so for the new shows, those residuals finally kicked in. Think about the delay and once it finally is dropped in streaming. That was what was going to happen, hopefully, and it did.

John: The big things that the Guild does money-wise is it’s setting minimum rates, it is collecting residuals, but it’s also going after and enforcing the contract. The enforcement is real dollars here. For 2023, the Guild collected 75 million dollars in underpaid residuals, along with 2.3 million dollars in interest. Already for 2024, it’s collected 45 million dollars, and 1.7 million dollars in interest. That’s money that – no one else is gonna get that for you. The Guild has to go out there and shake people down and say, “No, you owe this money.” God bless. Some of our ability to do that, both in residuals but especially in late payment, is because we now have contracts for everybody, and we can see, “No, this person was due this. You gotta pay them.”

Betsy: The Guild just did a press release about just the late pay, just the fees that they went after because they had the contracts. They were able to actually enforce something without even needing the member to do anything. It was a benefit of the agency campaign. It was something that we won when we renegotiated that contract. It’s been huge in terms of getting writers late pay. Also, this is a thing now that is in the Guild’s system to be able to constantly be policing.

John: Absolutely. The email said the Guild collected more than 1.5 million dollars in interest for late payment for more than 1,000 writers. Some examples would be $14,400 for one individual feature writer. You add all those up, that’s a huge change for somebody, like, “Oh, here’s money I didn’t know I was owed. Here’s a check for $14,000.” That’s great.

Betsy: I would like that.

John: I would like that. Everyone would like that. This is also why you have a guild, because your agency is never gonna collect that money, or your manager, because they have relationships with those studios and they don’t want to piss them off. The Guild does not care about pissing off anybody. The Guild’s not mean, but the Guild’s gonna get money for its members.

Betsy: That’s the only thing they do. Literally, the people that work in that building, this is their entire career is just worrying about writers. I think when you’re on the inside, which, John, you having been on the board and negotiating committees – you really get to know the staff, and you really see how much long, hard work goes into trying to protect writers, deal with them in the kindest and most helpful way. It’s a staggering achievement, I think, what that building does on a day-to-day basis.

John: 100 percent agree. Let’s wrap this up. The back part of the Annual Report talks about the Guild’s financial situation. You’re on the committee. You’re a person overseeing this on a regular basis. Total assets, 137 million dollars. Total liabilities of 37 million dollars. That works out to 100 million dollars left around. I looked it up in 2022. That equivalent figure was 92 million dollars. Even despite the strike and everything else, we’re doing good.

Betsy: We’re doing great. The fact that we weathered that strike and we still have this kind of financial stability is because of the assets and the investments and very, very careful… It’s why we have the Strike Fund. The finances of the Guild are really healthy. I know that was one of those great rumors that people liked to spread during the strike, like, “Oh, this is gonna bankrupt the Guild.” The whole time, I’m like, “I’m looking at the figures every single month. We’re fine. We’re good.”

John: We’re good. Let’s get to non-WGA topics. Let’s talk about multi-cam, because over the course of doing this podcast for 12 years, we’ve talked to a lot of feature writers, lot of TV writers, but they’ve mostly been TV drama writers, or they’ve been single-camera comedy writers. We’ve talked to very few people about multi-cam. Multi-cam is your bread and butter. That’s where you’ve made your –

Betsy: It’s a mix. I do both. I think it’s partly because a lot of them are dead.

John: That’s why we’re not finding so many of those writers. But we definitely grew up on them.

Betsy: For sure, and they still exist.

John: They’re still exist, and they’re still hugely popular in reruns, but the current ones are still going. Big Bang Theory is a classic multi-cam.

Betsy: But also, The Neighborhood’s been on CBS – I think this is Season 8, 7, something like that. Night Court’s been a bit hit for NBC. There’s a new one just got picked up on ABC. Tim Allen. He’s a new talent that they decided to give a shot to.

John: A rocket ship to the stars. Definitely, I could see him. Really, it comes down to him and Glen Powell. Who is the hot new face? I made Betsy laugh.

Let’s talk through development process, because we have a sense of how stuff works in one-hours now, where there’s a writers’ room that’s putting stuff together, and then you build up a bank of scripts, and then you just go forth and shoot. You try to keep on top of stuff while shooting. Classically, multi-cam has been much more week by week by week, like we’re putting a thing up on its feet and then we’re writing the next one. Is that-

Betsy: Accurate?

John: Yeah.

Betsy: I think to some degree, yes. But I think you hope that you bank a bunch of scripts before the beginning of the year. It’s done a lot of different ways. I worked on a show called Superior Donuts. The way that show worked is we all group-wrote, which I think is really how Chuck Lorre does it too. By nature, you have to have several rooms going, because you’ve got one room who’s working on a script, a future script, you got one room that’s working on the current script on the stage, and so you have that.

It necessitates, I think, a lot more collaboration, multi-cam, because the problem is – it’s not like single-cam, which is why I like single-cam, because you write your script, and it goes to the table read, you have several days or whatever you need to do that rewrite, and then you’ve got your shooting script and you’re off to the races.

But in multi-cam, you get your notes from the network or the studio and everybody. “Okay, here.” Now, you do table read. Table read, you get notes. Then you do a rewrite. You have to get it done by the morning, because it’s gotta be on the stage when the actors get there at 8:00 or 9:00 a.m. That’s why sometimes you’re there late at night, because by the time –depending on when your table read is – and you get notes, and you get back to the room, and it’s 3:00. And then you gotta get Pinkberry, and so now it’s 4:30. It’s easy to be there at 11:00 or midnight. I think in many ways, multi-cam is a lot harder, in my opinion, job.

Then the next morning, you gotta be working on breaking Episode 3 or 4 or 5 before you go to run-through, which is at 2:00. Then the whole thing, you get another rewrite, another set of notes, rewrite. Same thing Wednesday, and then you get another set of notes. And then Thursday’s pre-shooting and camera blocking. So you need to have basically as much of a locked script as you can. Then you shoot on Friday. Let’s just say that’s the week.

John: Let’s talk about the difference between multi-cam versus single-cams. I think about a Modern Family as a single-camera show. In theory, they could’ve written the script well in advance and they made up a schedule. These are the sets we’re shooting. This is how we’re making this whole thing work.

When you think of multi-cams, you think of, okay, now the whole writing staff is there for tape night and where you’re actually shooting the whole thing and you can make those changes on the fly. But generally speaking, multi-cam’s all done in just one shot. You’re just doing the whole thing at once, versus splitting it out like normal production.

Betsy: Yes.

John: Those shooting nights must be really exciting but also terrifying, because if it doesn’t work, it doesn’t work, and you’re screwed.

Betsy: Yeah. There’s a famous story I’m gonna butcher, but it illustrates this. I think it was Bob Newhart. I think The Bob Newhart Show, in the episode, they had a character, and they kept calling him back. I think his name is Mr. Nakamura. I think I’m right, but I just pictured all these comedy writers going, “That’s not it!” The very first joke died. The writers were all like, “Oh, no. We have four callbacks coming.”

Sometimes it doesn’t go well, or you get a groaner or you get something and you’re like, “Uh-oh.” Then everybody furiously is getting together to try to figure out – “Let’s fix it. Let’s fix it.” In general, I think jokes are what you want to be fixing, not like, “Oh, they don’t understand. They don’t even understand this plot point.” That’s really bad. I’ve not been on a show like this, but I know friends, from what I’d heard, they would shoot the show, let the audience go, then rewrite whole scenes and reshoot them completely differently.

Megana: Wow.

Betsy: That gives me anxiety. I can’t even imagine that. I like to be prepared. Not that they weren’t prepared. I can’t work that way. It’s too chaotic for me.

John: Yeah, that sense of, this was the plan going in there, and it’s suddenly not working, and you’re just under such pressure, because you actually have your entire cast, you have the entire crew, and then in theory, a studio audience. Talk to us about studio audiences now. The shows that have laughter in the background, are most of those shot with audiences now?

Betsy: Yes. They have been. People talk about the laugh track, but the truth is, it’s not really a track. There’s mics. That’s what the studio’s done. Sometimes if you’re using something from the pre-shoot date – oftentimes you’ll pre-shoot scenes, get them in the can, and then you shoot it once in front of the audience, just to get their response and their reaction. Sometimes the audience show performance wasn’t as good or the camera had a bump on it. For some reason, you need to use the one from the – so somebody will borrow the laugh from the – even though that’s not what was under the original. It isn’t really a laugh track. It’s a falsehood. Those laughs are all from the audience itself.

John: Melissa McCarthy was talking about how on Mike and Molly, they would pre-shoot some stuff. If there was a scene where they were driving in a car, they would pre-shoot that, but then on the night of actual filming, they would just be sitting on apple boxes and doing the same scene so they could get the laughter and get the real audience reaction from that.

Betsy: That’s right. Some stuff you’ll play back, and then you’ll get the audience laughs for the thing you’ve played back – that car scene.

John: Shooting some multi-cams, because you’ve also directed, can you talk to us about how you approach shooting a multi-cam scene? Because we’re so used to the camera’s here or the camera’s here, but you’re having to watch a bunch of stuff simultaneously. You’re trying to make sure the performances make sense, but also that the cameras are capturing the performances in the right way. What are you thinking about as a director looking at a script?

Betsy: I was a theater major, so multi-cam is really natural for me, because it’s just a recorded play. That’s really all it is. You’re in this set. The way I always work – and I do this a lot of times with single-cam too – is I go to the best joke in the scene and I work backwards from that.

John: Interesting.

Betsy: Because I always feel like you want to make sure that that thing that it’s building to is landing in the best possible way. A lot of times I’ll look at that and I go, “I know I want this here. I know I want him leaning over the kitchen counter and grabbing for her at this moment.” Then I’ll try to go, “If that’s where I’m ending, where do I start, and where do I have everybody go?”

I like to have a lot of movement in scenes. There are directors that just put two people on a couch. As a writer, that’s death. I know how many scenes have died because a director… Because let’s face it – no offense to actors – with the exception honestly of Helen Hunt, who always wants business and wants to move, a lot of actors are happy just to be sitting on a couch.

John: Park and bark, yeah.

Betsy: I think if you let them do that, sometimes a scene can really die. I always try to keep a lot of life. I like it to feel like it’s natural, not like it’s artificial. I try to help the actors by giving them business that feels organic to what they should be doing and gives them purpose. That’s the other thing that I always think about when I’m directing is figuring out…

Then I also like to be flexible, so that when we get to rehearsal, I can say, “I was thinking this was my plan. What do you think of this plan?” Sometimes they love it and they’re like, “I was feeling like I didn’t want to walk on this moment. I wouldn’t want to be near him.” You’re like, “Great, then don’t do that.” Then you gotta just be flexible with the plan.

John: I want to rewind back. Let’s say this is a script you didn’t write, but this is a script you’re gonna be directing. You’re handed the script. You’re visualizing in your head, “This is the biggest joke. This is where I would see this going.” Are you then having a conversation with the writer, with the team, about putting that stuff in the scripts, putting the business in the script, or is that something you’re holding onto for yourself?

Betsy: No, I just have it, because we’re gonna rehearse, and it may or may not work. We may not like it. They’re gonna see it the next day. They’re gonna either go, “God, that scene worked great,” or…

Occasionally, if we’re deeper, it’s Wednesday night, I’ll say, “For him to get to the door in time to open the door and she’s there, I need one more line, because it’s too big a cross. He can’t get there.” That stuff I’ll say. I try to go up to the writers’ room after on multi-cams. I try to go up after our rehearsal day and go, “Everything worked great. This was beautiful. This thing is wonky. You’ll see tomorrow. But I think we’re missing some words here,” or whatever. I’ll give them a head’s up, because I liked that as a showrunner when I would get that head’s up, because it helps you start to think about and prepare as you go through the rewrite.

John: How do you as a director interact with the showrunner or other writers on rehearsal day? Basically, we recognize this thing isn’t working. Is it their responsibility to notice that and point that out? Is it your responsibility as a director to figure it out? What is the communication there?

Betsy: I would say it’s normally just like you put up the play, the thing, and then the writers are looking at it like, “How do we fix the script to make it better?” I think there are times where they’ll say, “Hey, we actually were thinking this instead of the way you staged it.” They’ll say that to the director. Then sometimes I’ll say, “I tried to make this thing work. We had it this other way. Do you want me to show you that? That didn’t feel right either.” We have a conversation.

I would say because I’m a writer – and I would even say I would identify as a writer principally. That’s where my heart is. That was my first guild. I always try to make the script work as best as I possibly can, and I’m super collaborative with the showrunner. I’m always like, “Come down to set. Come watch rehearsal. Do you want to just come down and be here for this scene? I can let you know.” I like to have them as involved as they possibly can be.

The other thing that sometimes happens with actors occasionally is, there can be some badmouthing of jokes or a little bit of eyerolling. I don’t like that. No one tried to do anything but a great job in the script, so you gotta give them what they wrote.

John: You talk about it’s basically putting up a play, but the difference is, of course, you then can go into the editing room and change the play after it was put up. Can you talk to us about the editing process as a writer, as a director? How much flexibility do you have in the editing room to improve something that was like, eh, on the day? Have you found things in multi-cam where that didn’t really work in person, but then it just killed in the edit? Is that a thing that’s possible to do?

Betsy: Yeah, I think it is. I think it’s less likely in multi-cam. I think there’s definitely more in single. Smash cuts don’t really work in multi-cam the way they do in single, but I will say there’s a couple things that do matter. I worked on a show called Outmatch. They would oftentimes be pretty long. The cut would come in long. I started saying to them, “If you think you’re gonna lift this page, you won’t be able to do that in editing, because people are making crosses.”

What I hate is, unlike single, it can be very difficult to make cuts, because people jump space and because it is a play. You have to be a little more disciplined as a writer to get a little closer to time. Obviously, you want a little bit of fat. Then I always try to think, “What are some things that might go away?” and making sure that two people are not moving during that, so if you want to take that lift, it won’t be hard in the editing room.

John: It’s a thing I hadn’t really considered, but shooting multi-cam, you’re not gonna have the clean singles often that you could use to jump people around in space. They would exist naturally.

Betsy: Yeah, you don’t have as many options.

John: When you are doing multiple takes in multi-cam, let’s say you run that, like, “Oh, that’s pretty good. We’re gonna do it again.” Will you change up cameras just so you have more options in editing?

Betsy: We do. The idea is you got the four cameras. Sometimes it’ll be like, the best two shot is over here actually of these two, so we’ll do a single and a single, but even maybe we’ll do I’ll say a two. But we work with a camera coordinator, and they really helped. You say, “I know I’m gonna play this joke in a two, so let’s make sure we get that in front of the audience the first time,” because it’s the first time they’re seeing the joke, which tends to be the biggest laugh. I don’t want to start in a single. I want to start in a two shot, so I make sure I have that.

John: It does feel weird that we bring in an audience to watch this thing and they’re seeing the action in front of them, but you also want them watching the monitors.

Betsy: It is, yeah.

John: Because that’s the show.

Betsy: I think in general they do seem to watch the monitors. They’re watching the actors, but I think when you’re rolling, I think they go to that, which is good, because a lot of times you need somebody in a close-up for something to play.

John: Now, Megana, you’ve been reading through a bunch of sitcom scripts. Can you talk through about what you’ve learned? We’ll put some of these examples scripts in – put links to them in the show notes. Talk to us about what you’re seeing on the page, because they look different than what we’re used to in single-camera.

Megana: Yeah, they look different. The ones pre-2000s are all two acts with a cold open and maybe a tag, and formatted differently. The action lines are all capitalized, mostly interiors. I was very surprised, roughly six scenes in a script.

Betsy: Depends. How I Met Your Mother was one that really broke that, where they had a lot of scenes. It was a single-cam multi-cam. Yes, the old-school way to do it is to do far fewer scenes. By the way, that makes for a lot more fun show night also, because you get through it quickly. The audience is completely engaged. If you don’t have to wait for a wardrobe change, if you’re able to keep it in that, it really makes the show, I think, really sing.

Megana: Much more characters, I’ve realized, than in most of the single-cam scripts that I’m reading. In a multi-cam, obviously, you’re gonna have a bigger ensemble, typically.

Betsy: Yeah, I think that’s true. When I think about my favorite moments in multi-cam, I directed a few episodes of The Carmichael Show, and there were some scenes in their living room which were hard to stage, because it’s a lot of people in that scene. You have Tiffany and Lil Rel and Jerrod and David and Loretta. It’s not that big a set. You’re also like, “How do I keep it where not everybody’s just sitting down?” because then it gets stagnant. It was really hard to direct.

Those scenes, sometimes they were seven, eight pages long. That’s a lot for actors to get through. Old-school ones, David and Loretta, who come from theater, who come from the stage, it’s not as difficult for. But I think a younger generation, they’re not used to that, particularly if you’ve not come from stages. But those scenes just pop. The audiences love them.

Megana: You mentioned being able to do smash cut jokes in single-cam. Are there any other differences you think of between multi-cam versus single-cam comedy when you’re writing?

Betsy: I worked on a multi-cam called Abby’s that was short-lived. Mike Schur was the EP. Josh Malmuth created it.

John: Is that the one that was all in a backyard?

Betsy: Yes, with Natalie Morales. Josh had a little bit of multi-cam experience when he was much younger, but I think I was the only other person that really had… The rest of the staff was young, and they only had had single-cam experience. I found myself a few times saying, “That doesn’t really work, and the reason it doesn’t work is because you have these run-throughs.” To stage a smash cut is weird. It’s like, smash cut to the car. Where is the car? We don’t have that set. Then you’re having two actors run over to sit in a… I don’t know. It can be really awkward, which doesn’t mean that you can’t do it in the cut. But it can be awkward in terms of the run-throughs and things like that.

Megana: I didn’t realize that all of these scripts were filmed sequentially when you shoot them in front of the audience. I don’t know why I didn’t put that together.

Betsy: Yeah, they are. There are also things that they’d say, “Oh, and then he blows up the mailbox.” I’m like, “How is that gonna happen in front of an audience? It’ll look terrible, because we can’t really do… ” I think there are ways to do things in multi-cam with special effects in post that didn’t used to exist, so I think there’s a lot more flexibility now, but there’s a reason that the great multi-cams were Mary Tyler Moore Show and Cheers. They were people just doing their thing, walking through telling funny jokes and leaving.

John: Absolutely. I want to talk about entering and leaving, because I think that’s actually a difference, because there’s the expectation in multi-cam that people come in, people enter, and they exit. That’s a thing that actually happens, which you just don’t see as much in single-cam. People are already seated or they’re already in the middle of a thing versus walking into a thing. Entrances and exits are so important and so funny, hopefully, if it works well.

Betsy: I think it probably comes from the energy that that brings to a scene, because again, it’s just like theater. If you’re watching a theater scene of four people sitting around a table for 10 pages, it’s fine, but it’s a different energy when somebody walks in with news, somebody walks in with a complication. It has a really different energy.

John: A lot of the things we’re gonna be linking to are older things, so Cheers or Friends. But this Night Court reboot is new. It’s from 2021. A thing I do notice is underneath the scene header, in parentheses, it says which characters are in the scene. Is that a common thing?

Betsy: Yeah, always.

John: Always. Cheers and Friends don’t do it, but this one does.

Betsy: They must’ve added it later, but it is part of what the coordinator does. Obviously, it’s because it gets back to this thing of all the departments want to just see, “Who’s in this scene? What cats do I have wrangle?”

John: The decision to make dialogue double-spaced, it looks so terrible to me, but it’s convention.

Betsy: It is. It’s a lot easier for an actor to read when they’re walking through with their script, because they don’t have it memorized. All these run-throughs, they’ve got their script.

John: They’re just holding it.

Betsy: They’re walking through the scene on the run-through day, reading from their script while – “And I love you too, sweetie,” and then they… We encourage them to not try to memorize it, because we want the words. I don’t want an approximation of the words. I want to know the exact words, because then I know what I have to fix. Somebody’s saying, “I really like you too, sweetie,” that means something very different.

John: Parentheticals are part of the dialogue block itself. Things just look different in ways that just feel arbitrary.

Betsy: I know. I know.

Megana: Your scripts end up being 40 to 60 pages long.

Betsy: Hopefully not 60. That’s really long. But yes, I would say in the 38 to 42 is the sweet spot, depending on the show. Then some shows, they spread. Who knows what? They just spread, and so it’s just better to have shorter page count. Other shows can get away – I think Friends scripts were usually pretty long, because that dialogue just went so quickly.

John: Let’s say you’re a listener to the show who really loves the multi-cam format and wants to work in that. Would you recommend they write a multi-cam script, or should they write something that’s more single-camera-y but has funny jokes in it? What’s gonna be a better thing to get them noticed and read?

Betsy: A time machine.

John: That’s a good one. First, invent time travel. Then show them your Friends script.

Betsy: I don’t think it matters anymore, from what I can gather. I just had this conversation with my husband last night. He said, “I hear spec scripts are coming back.” I was like, “Really?”

John: Specs of existing shows?

Betsy: Specs meaning specs of existing shows, so you write a Night Court. My friend Corey Nickerson wrote her spec years and years ago. She did a spec Mary Tyler Moore.

John: So exciting.

Betsy: But it was R rated. It got her a lot of attention, because it just was a really cool way to reinvent that idea. For example, I think if you wrote a Modern Family spec, I think that’s gonna work for a multi-cam just great. I don’t think you have to do one or the other. I think if you wrote a Baby Reindeer spec, I’m not sure that’s gonna really translate to the Tim Allen thing.

John: Yeah, somehow, yeah, I could see that being a talent. A guy who we were on the negotiating committee with was working on the new Frasier. That’s another example of a present-day sitcom that’s out there.

I remember when my daughter was young, she was obsessed with one of the Nickelodeon shows, and so I got her onto the set of one of the Nickelodeon shows. It was very much a classic sitcom-y kind of thing, but they filmed it arbitrarily in the afternoons. There was a laugh group. It was just a bunch of people in lawn chairs who’d sit at a TV and laugh with the jokes. It was the most uncomfortable thing I’ve ever experienced in my entire life.

Betsy: I’m trying to think of what the equivalent is. It feels like there’s some sort of sex worker equivalent. As a copywriter, you feel so cheap, because you’re like, “I didn’t earn that.” That’s what we had in COVID. We had the laughers in COVID, because you couldn’t have an audience. They would hire these, because then you could test them all. They could be properly COVID tested in the audience. I think it bothered all of us, and particularly actors or standups who are used to earning those laughs. It feels real dirty just to get a big guffaw. You’re like, “It wasn’t that funny. Now it feels like you’re mocking me.”

John: I just remember the producer would walk over to laughers between, like, “Can I get a bigger laugh on this joke?” I’m like, oh, no. Finger on the scale there.

Betsy: It is. It’s got real fake orgasm vibes.

John: It does. Let’s talk about some listener questions. Megana, can we start with this one from Annie?

Megana: Annie writes, “I hooked up with a director who loves one of my scripts, a feature film. He’s put a lot of work into moving the project forward and recently found a producer who’s on board. I trust the director’s taste, and we have good communication. The producer, not so much. I don’t want to be all precious. After all, a script produced is better than one on your hard drive. On the other hand, if the result is completely awful, then what? Any tips on how to navigate this process?”

John: I think we’ve all been in situations where like, “Oh, I really like your perspective, and this other person’s, I don’t, and I am stuck with both of you.” It’s a tricky place to navigate.

Betsy: My advice would be talk to the director as politically savvily as possible. Just say, “Here’s where I’m struggling. I feel like we’re very much in the same page of what this movie is. I’m not feeling like the input from the producer is rowing in the same direction. Tell me how you feel about their notes, how you’re experiencing. Maybe I’m not understanding something or I’m not seeing something,” and see if they can be – because they may be feeling the same way, and by you saying that, be like, “You know what? I actually feel the same way.” Or they may say, “Oh, I’ve worked for this person before, and take this with a grain of salt.”

John: The opposite situation is worse, when you agree with the producer, and the director has terrible notes and terrible instincts. Then you’re gonna get replaced and things are bad. It’s not gonna work out well. Ultimately, that director is responsible for executing your script. Yes, the producer’s gonna have an important function, but you’re better off seeing eye to eye with the director than with the producer.

Betsy: Yes.

John: A question here from Cayenne.

Megana: Cayenne asks, “Sometimes when writing dialogue, I find my characters being sarcastic or deadpan, saying what is phrased like a question but flatly and more as a shady statement. I like to write these with no question mark, because it feels like it makes their tone much clearer. For example, ‘Oh, really?’ versus, ‘Oh, really.’ But I’ve had a friend proofreading catch these, insisting that they’ll snag a reader out of the scene more than help. Do you have any opinions on when or when not to break grammatical norms to communicate tone?”

Betsy: I use punctuation however the hell I want. But also, you can say “flatly.” You’ve got parentheticals available to you. I usually do a combination of parentheticals and punctuation. I don’t know. I hear what the person proofing it feels, but I also think I want to know what the tone is more importantly than anything else.

John: I agree with you. I think if it’s crucial, then that parenthetical could be in there. But I do like that question marks actually kind of have a sound now. Putting a question mark on or taking a question mark, you can kind of hear it. We mentioned a couple weeks ago, someone had two question marks at the end of a sentence. I can hear what that sounds like. It felt appropriate.

This last week there was a press release that came out from Kamala Harris’s campaign, and one of the bullet points was, “Trump is old and quite weird?” with a question mark. That question mark was absolutely perfect. Choosing to put the question mark there or put a question mark on a thing that’s otherwise a statement is a total valid choice. Everything on the page matters. Don’t worry about it being grammatically perfect.

Megana: Just an example to look at, because we’ll probably link the Friends pilot in here, they set up Chandler as droll, and he doesn’t have any question marks in his sarcastic statements. It’s just a period.

John: Let’s do one more. This one from John.

Megana: John writes, “I’m writing a screenplay where, in Act 3, the protagonist is hit with a massive flashback of memories while standing in a room with other people. Like 5 to 10 pages of flashbackery. It’s important stuff and informs what happens next in the story. My question is, during the flashback, what’s happening in current time and space? Has it been presumably caused? If so, can you return right from a flashback and assume no time has passed? Is it better to return by jumping forward a bit in time, or is there a better way to handle this?”

John: I definitely have felt this, where I was like, “Oh, wow, we’ve been gone a long time. Was he actually in real time experiencing all this together?” If you’re gonna be gone for more than a minute, I think you gotta return to the present tense with some sense of, okay, just tell us whether he was experiencing this too, or was this flashback for us, or was it the thing that he was experiencing at the same time.

Betsy: I agree. I would also say use it to the advantage of the scene, in other words that time didn’t just stop for everybody. But it’s like, were they boring? Was somebody in the middle of telling an incredibly emotional story and you just went into flashbacks? Then you come back and they’re like, “And then he died.” You can use it in all kinds of different ways. I would say I always try to think what is the real. Then the real is, if I’m going into a bunch of flashbacks that take three minutes of screentime, that’s three minutes the other person has been doing something, or the other people have.

John: It is weird to do the introspection of what was actually happening while I was having these thoughts. Sometimes it’s in a place where nothing else was happening. I will time travel while I’m in the shower. Nothing else was happening. But if I’m time traveling during the middle of recording this podcast, you two would notice that.

Megana: It happened a few times actually.

John: It has, where I’ve just been like, “I’m not in here anymore.” It has come time for our One Cool Things. My One Cool Thing is this article by Mary HK Choi for New York Magazine, or The Cut. I always get confused what’s what there. The headline is What My Adult Autism Diagnosis Finally Explained. I’ve seen other people talk about adult diagnosis of autism. It’s like, okay, sure. But her description of where she was at and how it made things click together was really fascinating. Then I like that she also pushed beyond to say, yes, but also I’m an immigrant and some of what you’re seeing here is also just a pretty understandable response to what my situation was. Yes, there’s probably some brain stuff, but there’s also probably some cultural stuff there, and it’s impossible to disentangle them.

I thought it was a really great article. There were so many things I wanted to highlight and underline. She’s a workaholic who’s, quote, “bad at Christmas,” which is such a great character description.

Betsy: That is great.

John: It’s so good. This is a article by Mary HK Choi. Everyone should look it up.

Megana: Awesome. My One Cool Thing is Season 2 of Unstable.

John: Tell us about Unstable. You watched the whole first season, and you should watch the second season now too?

Megana: Yes, I watched the whole first season. Everyone should watch the second season. This is the show that I had to leave my beloved Scriptnotes producing job for.

John: Absolutely. You can see Megana’s name on screen as a staff writer on Unstable Season 2.

Megana: Yes. It is a single-cam comedy on Netflix starring Rob Lowe and his real-life son John Lowe. There’s also Fred Armisen, Sian Clifford. This season has Lamorne Morris. It’s a delightful, quirky comedy. The episodes are 20 minutes long. Check it out.

John: Delightful and very exciting. Here’s the secret about Netflix, which we should just tell everybody. Start watching it and just watch the whole thing, because they really care about things being completed. Be a completionist. If you don’t have a chance to watch it all when you first sit down, maybe just let it play, so you get credit for it. Then you can go back and watch the episodes again.

Betsy: Who has time to watch an entire series in one sitting? I’m lucky to get through one.

John: I know.

Betsy: I don’t know. I guess people who don’t have kids. I don’t know.

Megana: I have a lot of time to do that.

Betsy: If you’ve had a couple glasses of wine at dinner and it’s… If it’s 9:45 and I’m not on my way to bed, something’s wrong.

John: You and me, we’re right in that zone. I could start watching something, but it’s already 9:00, so soon that means I’m gonna be tired and I’m gonna want to be upstairs.

Betsy: That’s exactly right. I feel bad, because you guys had cool things. But you could prepare. All I’ve done – this is a callback to the flashback.

John: Please.

Betsy: All I’ve done this entire time you guys were saying yours was – my brain was racing through, “Come up with a cool thing!” I barely heard either one of you. You know what I saw that I really enjoyed is a little movie called Wicked Little Letters.

John: Tell me about this.

Betsy: It’s a English movie – as John knows, we love all things English – with Jessie.

John: Jessie Buckley?

Betsy: Yep.

John: Jessie Buckley from Chernobyl.

Betsy: Yes. She’s delightful. It’s Olivia Colman.

John: Come on.

Betsy: It’s written by this fantastic writer, who’s also an actor, named Jonny Sweet.

John: Great.

Betsy: That we’re somewhat obsessed with. It’s a delight.

John: Great. Wicked Little Letters.

Betsy: It’s on streaming now.

Megana: It’s on Netflix. I’m glad you recommended it, because I saw it and I was like, “This looks really good,” but I haven’t heard people talking about it.

Betsy: It’s a delightful romp. It has some serious stuff, and it’s also loosely based on a true story.

John: Fun. You’ve not heard anybody talking about it until Betsy Thomas shows up to talk about it. Now, that broke the dam.

Betsy: Exactly. I just made Jonny Sweet a billionaire.

John: Absolutely. The little title will go to the top, what’s trending now on it, just because of your recommendation.

Betsy: Exactly.

John: That is our show for this week. Scriptnotes is produced by Drew Marquardt with, this week, special help from Megana Rao. It’s edited by Matthew Chilelli, who also did our outro this week. A special outro in celebration of the Olympics. It’s Scriptnotes themed in celebration of the Olympics.

If you have an outro, you can send us a link to ask@johnaugust.com. That’s also the place where you can send questions. You’ll find the show notes for this episode and all episodes at johnaugust.com, where you’ll find the transcripts and sign up for our weekly newsletter called Inneresting, which has lots of links to things about writing. We have T-shirts and hoodies and other gear that’s all great. You’ll find those at Cotton Bureau. You can sign up to become a Premium member at scriptnotes.net. You get all those back-episodes and Bonus Segments, like the one we’re about to record on golf. I want to hear about golf.

Betsy: That’s the least honest thing you’ve ever said.

John: Betsy, as always, thank you so much for coming on the podcast.

Betsy: I had a blast, you guys. Thank you so much.

Megana: Thank you.

[Bonus Segment]

John: I actually am genuinely curious about golf, because there’s things that I probably never would do myself but I’m still curious about, and golf is one of those, because this is my perception of golf: It’s hot and sunny out, two things I don’t like. I’m gonna go walk around carrying a bag of things, trying to hit a ball poorly while talking with people. None of these things are clicking for me, but they do click for you. Tell me, what got you into golf?

Betsy: First of all, the birthplace of golf, it’s not hot and sunny. It’s actually the opposite.

John: It’s Scottish.

Betsy: It’s cold and windy and rainy. What is it? A lovely walk spoiled is what I think somebody called golf. Of course I can’t remember who. I’m trying to think of how to say to somebody who doesn’t play golf what’s good about golf.

Golf takes extraordinary amount of skill, practice, discipline, mental tenacity. You are always kind of just playing yourself. Even when you’re playing in a match, you’re playing competitively, the person you’re trying to beat is usually the person in your own head. That’s what I struggle the most with.

You have however many shots to get to the hole. But there are so many different versions of those shots. Tennis, you’ve got however many you have. But golf, it’s so much more complicated and more difficult. It’s a game that is very difficult to master. You can continue to play it until you’re old. It’s very social. You get four to five hours with your loved one, your friends, whoever.

John: A thing you brought up today, which I’d never really considered, is it’s less like poker and more like Solitaire, because you’re really just playing yourself. It doesn’t really matter how everyone else does. Ultimately, you’re gonna compare your scores, but you’re not playing against each other directly, the way you are in tennis or really almost any other sport.

Betsy: You are in match play. I’m playing in our club championship this weekend. Tomorrow’s my first match of match plays. It’s a bracket, and you have to win. When you are playing somebody else in a match, you are playing them directly. Hole by hole is what you’re winning.

John: How they perform really has no bearing on how you perform directly.

Betsy: No, except for if they’re on the green in two and they’re putting for birdie, and I’m in the fairway, I’m like, “Uh-oh, I have to get up and down, or I’m gonna lose this hole.”

John: Megana, you said your dad is a golfer?

Megana: He is a golfer. He’s a big-time golfer.

John: Did he golf before he came to the States, or how did that all start?

Megana: No, it’s really a hobby that he picked up, gosh, I think when I was like – it was once we moved to Ohio. Him and his friend just started golfing. Now they’re out there on all of the hot and sunny, humid days in Ohio, because there’s very limited days that you can golf there.

John: Your dad’s a doctor, so that also ties in. I think about doctors golfing.

Megana: Yeah, I guess some of his friends who are doctors also golf. My mom’s gotten into it recently.

John: Oh, interesting.

Megana: It’s a cute thing they do together.

John: My dad golfed some. I remember my mom decided, “I’m gonna take lessons so I can golf with him.” I would sit in the car at the edge of the golf practice range where she’d have her lessons. She just hated it. I really respect my mom for just stopping. She was like, “I don’t like this.” She just stopped. Learning it’s okay to quit was just such an inspiration to me.

Megana: I do feel really inspired when I see that. Betsy, when did you start golfing?

Betsy: I got clubs for my 30th birthday.

John: So not as a child then.

Betsy: So four years ago.

John: Four years, you’re already playing in the championship. That’s really great.

Betsy: Yeah, I’m the wunderkind.

John: Why did you get clubs? Did your husband golf?

Betsy: No, my friend JB Roberts, who is a manager here in LA, but we went to college together, he just decided I should be a golfer. I was an athlete. I was always an athlete. I was a tennis player. I played lacrosse growing up. I had hit the golf ball. I’d hit around a little bit. But I was not a golfer. I had no clubs, whatever. He had decided I should be a golfer. He got my friends to all pitch in and buy me clubs and lessons for my 30th birthday. That’s what began it. It was great though, because I really did enjoy it.

Then when I met my husband, Adrian, he is a very good golfer. We found that out on our first date. Then that gave us a thing to do together. We’ve been able to have that, and now our son is an excellent golfer. The three of us do golf trips all the time. We’ve been to Scotland. We get to travel.

One of the things I love about it is, A, you can drink. It’s like, oh, I’m getting my steps in and I have a vodka tonic. But here’s the terrible thing about the elitism of golf. It has some of the most beautiful land in the world – are golf courses. You get to see spectacular places wherever you travel. You get to see some of the most gorgeous landscape. As a family, we travel, and we always have this thing that we do together.

I know it sounds weird. It’s like, how is that romantic? Adrian and I are going to Ireland in October for our 25th wedding anniversary, and we’re gonna play golf. It’ll be just the two of us walking around a course together for five hours or four and a half hours. It’s actually beautiful and lovely. I know it sounds strange, but it is weirdly romantic.

John: You’ve done a really good job selling golf. I actually am much more appreciative of a thing now. The other perception I have of golf has always been people making deals over golf. How useful or not useful has it been in terms of the industry that you work in to play golf? Do you golf with industry folks? How does that tie together?

Betsy: I don’t really, but I think it’s more of sexism, because there aren’t that many women that play golf. I think that it’s a thing that guys do, because the guys all play Saturday morning together. In the club we belong, there are a lot of showbiz people. I don’t really have that, because I play with my family or I play with the ladies. We’re not normally doing that kind of thing. But I do think that is a real thing. I think there’s a lot of friendships that are formed through that.

John: Megana, was your dad golfing – do you think it was also part of, not even assimilation, but just a way to become more American? Was that a goal at all?

Megana: That’s an interesting question. I’m from the suburbs in Ohio. There is one really big golf course in the middle of our town.

Betsy: Where?

Megana: It’s Yankee Trace Golf Club in Centerville, Ohio. Are you familiar with Ohio at all?

Betsy: I am.

John: You’re saying you and Adrian are not gonna be traveling to Centerville, Ohio on your next romantic golf trip?

Betsy: I don’t think so. I’m not thinking. But there are some amazing golf courses in Ohio, actually. That’s why I was asking.

Megana: Yeah, there’s the NCR Country Club golf course, which is the National Cash Register, which is a huge part of Dayton, Ohio lore.

John: I love it.

Megana: But a lot of his friends that he golfs with are Indian, so I don’t know if it was totally an assimilation thing. He really wanted me to get into it because it is such a mental game. I don’t know. I was just such a hormonal teenager. I think he was like, “This will help,” and it did the opposite. It made me so mad.

John: It wasn’t a Venus and Serena Williams situation where suddenly-

Megana: No, absolutely not.

Betsy: I will tell you about the doctors thing that it is one of the great things. There actually are a lot of doctors who play golf, and it’s one of the great things about golf, because I turned my ankle really badly and couldn’t put weight on it, and it was like, “Oh good, there’s Dr. Dave. He’s head of orthopedics at Children’s.” I was like, “Hey.” He checks it out. Then the guy we were playing with is actually an acupuncturist and a Chinese medicine doctor. He took me into the gym, and he did a bunch of pressure point stuff on me. I said to Dave, “What should I do?” He’s like, “Ice and vodka, in any combination.” See?

John: Absolutely. The cure for most issues though really.

Betsy: That’s so true.

John: Betsy, an absolute delight having you on.

Betsy: I just had a great time.

Megana: Thank you.

Betsy: Unstable, I’m gonna watch it.

Megana: Please.

Links:

  • Betsy Thomas on Wikipedia and IMDb
  • Megana Rao on Twitter and IMDb
  • WGA West Annual Report
  • Writer Earnings Fell $600 Million Due to Strike and Industry Contraction, WGA Says by Gene Maddus for Variety
  • Cheers – “Give Me a Ring Sometime” by Glen and Les Charles
  • Cheers – “Father Knows Last”
  • Night Court – “Pilot” by Dan Rubin
  • Friends – “Pilot” by David Crane & Marta Kauffman
  • What My Adult Autism Diagnosis Finally Explained by Mary HK Choi for The Cut
  • Unstable – Season 2 on Netflix (hooray Megana Rao!)
  • Wicked Little Letters on Netflix
  • Get a Scriptnotes T-shirt!
  • Check out the Inneresting Newsletter
  • Gift a Scriptnotes Subscription or treat yourself to a premium subscription!
  • Craig Mazin on Threads and Instagram
  • John August on Threads, Instagram, X and Mastodon
  • Outro by Matthew Chilelli (send us yours!)
  • Scriptnotes is produced by Drew Marquardt, with help this week by Megana Rao. It is edited by Matthew Chilelli.

Email us at ask@johnaugust.com

You can download the episode here.

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