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Formatting

Talking over a black screen

February 9, 2011 Formatting, QandA

questionmarkI want my screenplay to begin with a short statement from my main character, just over the black screen prior to the film beginning, then cutting to that specific character already in action. I’m unsure how to format this.

Currently I just having his statement in quotation marks prior to any actual formatting:

EXT. BLACK SCREEN

“Something Important”

INT. HOUSE – DAY

Character stands in his home, exclaiming things.

I don’t like the looks of that, because it doesn’t state who is speaking. I’m unsure of how I should handle this, which is disconcerting as it is my first sentence.

— Ben
Saginaw, MI

answer iconA black screen is a black screen. It’s not INT. or EXT. Whether you start the film with a black screen, or you create one mid-way with a CUT TO BLACK, you can simply have your characters speak over it.

Dialogue always has a name above it. Always.

Even if we haven’t yet been introduced to the character speaking, it’s okay to use the character’s name. Depending on the situation, you might use a descriptor instead, e.g. “NERVOUS WOMAN” or “BOY’S VOICE.”

In your case, the intro might look like this:

A black screen.

MAX (O.S.)

What I saw today was failure. No, worse than that. I saw surrender. I saw someone taking all the opportunities they’d been given and throwing them in the trash.

FADE IN:

INT. DOG SHOW – DAY

MAX HERNSHAW (33) is on his knees, berating an adorable YELLOW LAB PUPPY.

MAX (CONT’D)

Do you know what I sacrificed to get you here today? A personal life. Girlfriends. Drinking buddies. Do you know how many times Andy got to see Inception? Four. How many times did I get to see it? One-and-a-half.

The puppy begins to lick its crotch.

You don’t have to say “black screen.” Until you’ve shown us something else, we’re going to assume it’s a black screen. But it’s not a bad idea to call it out anyway.

I used (O.S.) after Max’s initial dialogue, but one could make an equally good argument for (V.O) or (PRE-LAP) — or using nothing at all. It’s your preference. The reader is unlikely to get confused.

Handling IMs in screenplays

February 1, 2011 Formatting, QandA

questionmarkI’m working on a script in which there are several IM conversations, not short ones. How do you go about formatting these in your scripts?

— Ben
NYC

Whether text messages or computer-based IMs, my instinct would be to handle them as dialogue blocks. The first time you do it in the script, call it out in scene description.

Hearing a BUZZ, Brent checks his mobile -- new text. [Note: IMs are in italics.]

COLIN (TEXT)

Can’t find Becca.

BRENT (TEXT)

On my way.

It’s ultimately the director’s choice how to show that onscreen. For 2011, the style to beat has to be BBC’s Sherlock.

sherlock text message

IMs and texts aren’t going away, so I wouldn’t be surprised if over the next few years screenwriters start using an alternative format for them. I chose dialogue blocks because that’s the closest analogy. But it misrepresents what characters are really doing on screen.

Something more like this could ultimately become common:

MICAH

Hold on. I’ll check.

On the computer --

MICAH: Red or green?

LISA: Huh

MICAH: Sauce.

LISA: Red. Green makes me puke.

MICAH

Green for Lisa.

One dash, two dashes

October 28, 2010 Formatting, QandA, Words on the page

questionmarkI’m thinking this might boil down to “personal preference”, but I can’t seem to find any direct answers as to whether it’s best perception-wise to use one hyphen, two hyphens (as I see more and more) or no hyphen at all? The trend seems to be going towards two, but I can’t see or find what the relevance is. Can you elaborate?

— Chris
The OC

There are at least three distinct names for those little horizontal lines used in English.

A **hyphen** is the shortest of these, and is used to break a word into syllables (i.e. hyphenation). You also use hyphens to make compound words like inside-out. On your keyboard, it’s probably next to the plus sign, so it’s fair to conflate it with “minus.”

A **dash** is a punctuation mark. An **en-dash** is commonly used for ranges, such as “6–10 years.” An **em-dash** is longer, and used to set off a phrase—often a parenthetical thought, like this—from the rest of the sentence.

With most typefaces, you can and should use en-dashes and em-dashes instead of just automatically hitting the hyphen. You can use a special key combination, ((On a Mac, you make an en-dash with option-hyphen and the em-dash with shift-option-hyphen.)) but many applications will automatically choose the right one based on context, such as converting two hyphens into an em-dash.

Em-dashes in particular just look better. And you don’t need to put spaces around the dash.

Screenplays are set in monospace fonts like Courier. Because every letter takes up the same amount of space, a lot of what looks good in normal typefaces looks wrong in Courier. ((Notably, we still double-space after the period in Courier.)) Traditional typewriters never had “real” dashes, so the convention was to use two hyphens instead, generally set off with a space on either side.

TODD BLANDERSNOT (14) is the homeliest kid at Miskatonic Academy -- and two of Cthulu’s kids go here.

That’s what I use: two floating hyphens. Other writers jam two hyphens right at the end of a word, ((The Wibberleys do this. We rewrote once each other on a project, and it involved a lot of dash-redeployment.)) or leave a single hyphen dangling at the end of a line when cutting before the end of a sentence.

You can also simply stop a line early, with no punctuation. I often do this when the next thing will be an intermediate slugline:

Dazed, Todd scrambles to feet just as

THREE GRIFFONS

swoop down from above, snatching random classmates in their talons.

It’s all to your taste. The important thing is to pick a style and stay consistent throughout the script.

Are parentheticals overused, cont’d

October 26, 2010 Follow Up, Formatting

Following up on [last week’s article](http://johnaugust.com/archives/2010/are-parentheticals-over-used), Synthian took it upon himself to count how often screenwriters are actually using them, resulting in “a semi-random sampling of successful multi-decade, multi-genre writers vs their own parentheticals.”

The following numbers do not include non-dialog parentheses such as (O.S.), (V.O.) (MORE), or (CONT’D). They represent only dialogical parentheticals such as (through the megaphone) as well as (beat)s and (pause)s.

###Brian Helgeland

**THE POSTMAN:** 137 pages
161 parentheticals
1.17 parentheticals per page

**LA CONFIDENTIAL:** 110 pages
99 parentheticals
.9 parentheticals per page

**MAN ON FIRE:** 128 pages
76 parentheticals
.59 parentheticals per page

Brian Helgeland’s average parentheticals per page: .88

###John August

**BIG FISH:** 124 pages
97 parentheticals
.78 parentheticals per page

**THE NINES:** 100 pages
57 parentheticals
.57 parentheticals per page

**CHARLIE’S ANGELS:** 104 pages
109 parentheticals
1.04 parentheticals per page

John August’s average parentheticals per page: .79

###Other writers

**DAVID WEBB PEOPLES, 12 MONKEYS:** 150 pages
144 parentheticals
.96 parentheticals per page

**AARON SORKIN, A FEW GOOD MEN:** 149 pages
225 parentheticals
1.51 parentheticals per page

**J.F. LAWTON, PRETTY WOMAN:** 126 pages
143 parentheticals
1.13 parentheticals per page

**TED ELLIOTT & TERRY ROSSIO, PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN:** 139 pages
152 parentheticals
1.09 parentheticals per page

With this (obviously limited) sample of 10 screenplays, we find a cohort of successful screenwriters using an average of .97 parentheticals per page. That’s higher than I would have guessed. I’m also surprised to find myself on the lower end of parenthesists.

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